Synthetic Natural Fibres - Definition, Types of Fibres, Properties, FAQs

Edited By Team Careers360 | Updated on Jul 02, 2025 04:47 PM IST

What is the Meaning of Fibre?

Fibres are thread-like structures that are long, thin and flexible. These can be twisted into yarns which can subsequently used to make fabrics.Strength, durability, handling, elasticity, dyeability, sheen, friction characteristics, moisture absorption, heat isolation, and abrasion resistance, as well as all physical and chemical properties of fibres and their end-products, are all influenced by the kind of fibre. This articles covers the definition of fibres, types of fibres and properties of fibres.

This Story also Contains

What is the Meaning of Fibre?
What are natural fibres?
Types of natural fibres
Example of animal fibres
Examples of synthetic fibres:

Different types of fibres: On the basis of their origin, fibres are classified into two types: natural and synthetic fibres.

Natural fibres

Synthetic fibres

Let's discuss more about natural fibres and synthetic fibres.Here also discuss some important examples for natural fibres and artificial fibres.

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What are natural fibres?

Natural fibres

Natural fibers definition: As the name indicates natural fibres are those derived from natural sources like plants, animals and minerals.To make textiles, they are woven, knitted, or matted. The majority of natural fibres are utilized to create soft and comfy clothes.They can also be used in composite materials whose properties are affected by the orientation of the fibres. Paper and felt can be made from natural fibres that have been flattened into sheets. Natural fibres are classified into different types based on their origin, namely plants, animals and fibres.

Types of natural fibres

Plant fibres
Plant fibres are those fibres extracted from plants.

Examples of plant fibres

Cotton

Cotton fibre is nearly pure cellulose that is collected as cotton balls after the seeds have been removed. Cotton balls are hand-picked for harvesting. The term "ginning" refers to the process of extracting cotton fibre from seeds. Cotton is the finest fabric for clothing since its fibres absorb moisture quickly.

Jute

Jute fibres are harvested from the jute plant's stem and ribbon (outer skin). The fibres are removed using a process called as retting, which involves soaking them in slow moving water for an extended period of time. After the retting process is completed, stripping begins to produce long jute fibres. Jute fibres are commonly used to make handlooms, bags, carpets, and other items.

Flax

Flax plant stems are frequently utilized to extract linen-like fibres, which are widely employed in the textile industry.

Coir

Coir, also referred to as coconut fibre, may be a natural fiber derived from the husk of a coconut and wont to make floor mats, doormats, beds, brushes, and other items.

Linen

The flax plant is used to make linen, which is one of the most costly natural fibres. Because it is labor-intensive to make, it is only made in limited numbers. In warmer weather, though, linen cloth is prized for its remarkable coolness and freshness. It is made up of 70% cellulose and 30% pectin, as well as ash, woody tissue, and moisture.

Animal fibres

Animal fibres are fibres that are extracted from animals. They're primarily made from animal skin, fur, and hair, which are mostly made up of proteins.

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Example of animal fibres

Wool

Sheep, goat, and camel hairs are used to make wool. They're manufactured from sheep that have been sheared and then sorted for quality before being prepared for spinning. Wool fibres are spun into long strands and then woven into a cloth in this process. Wool is often used to make woolen clothing such as sweaters, shawls, and other items because it is a good thermal insulator.

Silk

Silk is a popular, fine, strong, soft, lustrous, and costly animal fibre produced by silkworms. Silkworms create silk fibres when they spin their cocoons. Sericulture is the practice of growing silkworms for the purpose of producing silk, or, in other words, silk farming.

Synthetic fibres

Synthetic fibres are created artificially by joining monomers to form a polymer through the polymerization process. Chemical synthesis employs a variety of reagents and chemicals to create them. They're mainly made from a type of raw material known as petrochemicals.

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Examples of synthetic fibres:

Rayons

Rayon is a man-made fibre manufactured from cellulose derived from wood pulp and other agricultural products. As a result of its natural origins, rayon is classified as a semi-synthetic fibre. Because of its tiny fibres and low weight, it is sometimes known as artificial silk. It's used to make clothing, carpets, curtains, and blankets, among other things..It is Comfortable, soft, and smooth and has a high lustre.

Nylons

It was the world's very first synthetic fibre.The fibre-forming component in nylon is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which fewer than 85% of the amide linkages are physically linked to two aromatic rings. Chemical processes combine the elements carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen to produce compounds that react to form long-chain molecules known chemically as polyamides, which are subsequently spun into fibres. Nylon comes in a variety of ways. Each is based on chemical synthesis.Nylon-6 and nylon-6.6 are two different types of nylon fibres. It's a robust, supple, glossy, and easy-to-clean fibre. Because of its strength and longevity, it is used to make ropes for rock climbing, fishing nets, carpets, and garment fabrics.

Polyester

Polyester is a synthetic polymer that is made up of repeating units of ester groups. Poly-cot textiles are made by combining polyester and cotton, whereas poly-wool fabrics are made by combining polyester and wool. PET (polyethylene terephthalate) is a kind of polyester that is used to make bottles, utensils, and a variety of other items. It is a thermoplastic having good strength and hydrophobic nature.

Acrylic

Any long-chain polymer containing at least 85 per cent acrylonitrile units by weight is the fibre producing material in acrylics. Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen, the fundamental components, are synthesized with tiny quantities of additional chemicals into bigger polymer combinations via complex methods. Variations in production techniques, component combinations, and the eventual molecular structures of the fibre-forming material are all conceivable. It has properties like comparable softness, warm handling properties resembling wool., shape retentive nature, and resiliency. It is used in apparel and home furnishing.

Synthetic fibres are not biodegradable, but natural fibres are. Natural fibres are more porous, permeable, and absorbent than synthetic fibres, making them more easier for those with sensitive skin or allergies to wear. Natural fibres are more difficult to maintain than synthetic fibres, which stay smooth and crisp even after washing. Natural fibres will require extra upkeep as a result. Natural fibres are not as long-lasting as synthetic fibres. Synthetic fibres are less expensive than natural fibres since they are made in labs with chemicals. Synthetic fibres, rather than natural fibres, are utilized to manufacture raincoats and jackets because they are waterproof.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is artificial fibre?

The two most prevalent types of man-made fibres (MMF) are synthetic and cellulosic. Wood pulp is used to make cellulosic fibres, while crude oil is used to make synthetic fibres. The most popular synthetic staple fibres are polyester, acrylic, and polypropylene. Cellulosic fibres include viscose, modal, and other cellulosic fibres.

2. Which was the first fibre to be made completely synthetic?

Wallace Carothers, an American researcher at the chemical corporation DuPont, created nylon as the first entirely synthetic fibre in the 1930s, during World War II. Coal, water, and air were used to create nylon.

3. How many different kinds of fibres are there?

Fibres are divided into two categories on the basis of their origin. Natural fibres, like cotton, wool, and silk, are taken directly from plants and animals, whereas synthetic fibres, like nylon, rayon, and others, are man made fibres with many repeating units created in labs using different chemical processes.

4. What are the different types of natural fibres?

Natural fibres include plant fibres and animal fibres Plant fibres include cotton flax, hemp, sisal, coir etc. Animal fibres include wool,silk.etc.

5. Natural Fibres: What Are They? In summary?

Natural fibres, often known as natural fibres, are created by plants, animals, and geological processes. They can be used in composite materials whose properties are affected by the orientation of the fibres. Paper and felt can be made from natural fibres that have been flattened into sheets.

6. Which one of the following is a natural fibre?

Polyester
Rayon
Teflon
Cotton

Ans: D. Cotton

7. How do synthetic natural fibers impact the textile recycling process?

Synthetic natural fibers can complicate textile recycling because they often blend properties of both natural and synthetic fibers. Some can be recycled similarly to natural fibers, while others may require specialized processes. Their presence in blended fabrics can make separation and recycling more challenging.

8. How does the dyeing process differ for synthetic natural fibers compared to natural fibers?

The dyeing process for synthetic natural fibers often requires different dyes and conditions compared to natural fibers. Many synthetic natural fibers accept dyes more readily and evenly than natural fibers, allowing for brighter and more consistent colors.

9. What are the main properties that make synthetic natural fibers suitable for clothing?

Key properties include breathability, moisture absorption, softness, and drape. Many synthetic natural fibers also offer good color retention, wrinkle resistance, and ease of care, making them popular choices for various types of clothing.

10. How do synthetic natural fibers affect the moisture-wicking properties of a fabric?

Synthetic natural fibers can be engineered to have excellent moisture-wicking properties. They can absorb moisture from the skin and spread it over a larger surface area for faster evaporation, making them suitable for athletic and performance wear.

11. What are some challenges in the production of synthetic natural fibers?

Challenges include the environmental impact of chemical processes, the need for sustainable sourcing of raw materials, and balancing performance characteristics with eco-friendliness. There's also the challenge of competing with both natural fibers and advancing purely synthetic fiber technologies.

12. What are synthetic natural fibers?

Synthetic natural fibers are man-made fibers that are chemically produced to mimic the properties of natural fibers. They are created by processing natural polymers or synthesizing polymers that have similar chemical structures to natural fibers.

13. How do synthetic natural fibers differ from purely synthetic fibers?

Synthetic natural fibers are derived from natural polymers or designed to mimic natural fibers, while purely synthetic fibers are entirely man-made from petrochemicals. Synthetic natural fibers often have properties more similar to natural fibers, such as breathability and moisture absorption.

14. What is the main advantage of synthetic natural fibers over natural fibers?

The main advantage is consistency in quality and properties. Unlike natural fibers that can vary based on growing conditions, synthetic natural fibers can be produced with uniform characteristics, making them more reliable for specific applications.

15. Can you explain the process of creating rayon, a common synthetic natural fiber?

Rayon is created by dissolving cellulose (usually from wood pulp) in a chemical solution, then extruding this solution through tiny holes into an acid bath. This process regenerates the cellulose into fine fibers, which are then spun into threads.

16. Why is viscose rayon considered a synthetic natural fiber?

Viscose rayon is considered a synthetic natural fiber because it's made from natural cellulose but undergoes significant chemical processing. The end product retains some properties of natural cellulose fibers while gaining new characteristics through the manufacturing process.

17. How does the strength of synthetic natural fibers compare to natural fibers?

The strength of synthetic natural fibers can vary widely depending on the specific type and manufacturing process. Some, like high-tenacity rayon, can be stronger than natural fibers, while others may be weaker. Generally, synthetic natural fibers offer more consistent strength than natural fibers.

18. What is lyocell, and how is it more environmentally friendly than other synthetic natural fibers?

Lyocell is a type of rayon made from wood pulp using a closed-loop process that recycles almost all the solvents used. This makes it more environmentally friendly than other synthetic natural fibers, as it reduces chemical waste and uses less water and energy in production.

19. How does the environmental impact of synthetic natural fibers compare to that of purely synthetic fibers?

Synthetic natural fibers often have a lower environmental impact than purely synthetic fibers because they're derived from renewable resources. However, the chemical processes used in their production can still have significant environmental effects, so the overall impact depends on specific manufacturing methods.

20. How do synthetic natural fibers contribute to the concept of sustainable fashion?

Synthetic natural fibers contribute to sustainable fashion by offering alternatives to both resource-intensive natural fibers and non-biodegradable synthetic fibers. They can be produced from renewable resources and some, like lyocell, use more eco-friendly manufacturing processes.

21. How do synthetic natural fibers address the limitations of natural fibers?

Synthetic natural fibers can be engineered to overcome limitations of natural fibers such as inconsistent quality, limited availability, and susceptibility to pests or weather conditions. They can also be designed with enhanced properties like increased strength or moisture-wicking abilities.

22. What is the significance of the degree of polymerization in synthetic natural fibers?

The degree of polymerization refers to the number of monomer units in a polymer chain. In synthetic natural fibers, it affects properties like strength, flexibility, and durability. A higher degree of polymerization generally results in stronger fibers.

23. What is the difference between regenerated and synthetic fibers?

Regenerated fibers, like rayon, are made by chemically processing natural polymers (usually cellulose). Synthetic fibers, on the other hand, are made entirely from chemical compounds. Synthetic natural fibers are typically considered a subset of regenerated fibers.

24. How does the biodegradability of synthetic natural fibers compare to purely synthetic fibers?

Synthetic natural fibers are generally more biodegradable than purely synthetic fibers because they're derived from natural polymers. However, the degree of biodegradability can vary depending on the specific fiber and any chemical treatments applied during manufacturing.

25. What are some common misconceptions about synthetic natural fibers?

Common misconceptions include that they are the same as purely synthetic fibers, that they are always environmentally friendly, or that they lack the comfort of natural fibers. In reality, synthetic natural fibers occupy a middle ground, combining aspects of both natural and synthetic materials.

26. How do synthetic natural fibers impact the overall cost of textile production?

Synthetic natural fibers can often be produced more consistently and in larger quantities than natural fibers, potentially reducing costs. However, the specialized processes and equipment required for their production can also add to the overall cost, making some types more expensive than natural alternatives.

27. What is modal fiber, and how does it differ from regular rayon?

Modal is a type of rayon made from beech trees. It differs from regular rayon in that it undergoes additional processing, resulting in higher strength and softness. Modal is also more stable when wet, making it less prone to shrinkage and more durable than standard rayon.

28. What is the significance of fiber orientation in textiles made from synthetic natural fibers?

Fiber orientation affects the strength, flexibility, and overall performance of the textile. In synthetic natural fibers, the orientation can often be controlled during the manufacturing process, allowing for the creation of fabrics with specific directional properties suited to particular applications.

29. What is the difference between wet spinning and dry spinning in the production of synthetic natural fibers?

Wet spinning involves extruding the fiber-forming solution into a liquid coagulating bath, while dry spinning extrudes it into hot air or gas. Wet spinning is often used for rayon production, while dry spinning is common for acetate fibers. The method affects the final properties of the fiber.

30. What is the role of synthetic natural fibers in the aerospace industry?

In aerospace, synthetic natural fibers are used in composites for their lightweight properties and strength. Some cellulose-based fibers can be used to create high-performance materials that offer advantages over traditional materials in terms of weight reduction and specific strength.

31. What are the main types of synthetic natural fibers?

The main types include rayon (viscose, modal, lyocell), acetate, triacetate, and some protein-based fibers like azlon. Each type has unique properties based on its specific chemical composition and manufacturing process.

32. What is the difference between acetate and triacetate fibers?

Both acetate and triacetate are derived from cellulose, but triacetate has more acetyl groups replaced in its chemical structure. This makes triacetate more heat-resistant and less prone to wrinkling than acetate, but also less absorbent.

33. What role do synthetic natural fibers play in medical applications?

Synthetic natural fibers are used in various medical applications due to their customizable properties. They can be used in wound dressings, surgical sutures, and artificial blood vessels. Some can be engineered to be biocompatible or to deliver medications.

34. How do synthetic natural fibers contribute to wrinkle resistance in fabrics?

Many synthetic natural fibers have a natural resistance to wrinkling due to their molecular structure and the way they're manufactured. This property can be further enhanced through chemical treatments, making fabrics made from these fibers easier to care for.

35. How do synthetic natural fibers impact the breathability of a fabric?

Many synthetic natural fibers, particularly those derived from cellulose, offer good breathability. They allow air to circulate and moisture to evaporate, contributing to comfort. However, the exact level of breathability can vary depending on the specific fiber and fabric construction.

36. How do synthetic natural fibers contribute to flame resistance in textiles?

Some synthetic natural fibers can be engineered or treated to have flame-resistant properties. For example, certain types of rayon can be produced with inherent flame resistance, making them suitable for use in protective clothing or furnishings where fire safety is a concern.

37. What is the role of nanotechnology in the development of synthetic natural fibers?

Nanotechnology is used to enhance the properties of synthetic natural fibers at the molecular level. This can lead to improvements in strength, durability, water resistance, and even the addition of new functionalities like antimicrobial properties or UV protection.

38. What are some emerging trends in the field of synthetic natural fibers?

Emerging trends include the development of more sustainable production methods, the creation of fibers with enhanced functional properties (like temperature regulation or electrical conductivity), and the exploration of new natural polymer sources, such as agricultural waste products.

39. How do synthetic natural fibers contribute to the durability and longevity of textiles?

Synthetic natural fibers can be engineered for increased strength and resistance to wear and tear. They often maintain their shape and color better than some natural fibers, contributing to the longevity of textiles. This can lead to longer-lasting products, potentially reducing overall consumption and waste.

40. How do synthetic natural fibers impact the thermal insulation properties of fabrics?

The thermal insulation properties of synthetic natural fibers can vary. Some, like certain types of rayon, offer good breathability and moisture management, which can contribute to temperature regulation. Others can be engineered to trap air pockets, enhancing insulation properties.

41. What role do enzymes play in the production of some synthetic natural fibers?

Enzymes are increasingly being used in the production of synthetic natural fibers to replace harsh chemicals. For example, in the production of some types of lyocell, enzymes are used to break down cellulose, making the process more environmentally friendly.

42. How do synthetic natural fibers contribute to the development of smart textiles?

Synthetic natural fibers can be modified or combined with other materials to create smart textiles. For example, conductive polymers can be incorporated into rayon fibers to create textiles that can sense or respond to environmental changes, or even conduct electricity.

43. What is the significance of cross-linking in synthetic natural fibers?

Cross-linking involves creating chemical bonds between polymer chains in the fiber. This process can enhance properties like strength, wrinkle resistance, and dimensional stability. It's often used in the production of easy-care fabrics made from synthetic natural fibers.

44. How do synthetic natural fibers impact the dyeing and printing processes in textile production?

Synthetic natural fibers often accept dyes more readily and evenly than natural fibers, allowing for brighter and more consistent colors. They can also be engineered to have specific dye affinities, enabling new printing techniques or more eco-friendly dyeing processes.

45. What are some challenges in recycling textiles made from synthetic natural fibers?

Challenges include separating these fibers from blended fabrics, dealing with any chemical treatments or finishes applied to the fibers, and maintaining fiber quality through the recycling process. The diversity of synthetic natural fiber types can also complicate recycling efforts.

46. How do synthetic natural fibers contribute to the development of biodegradable plastics?

Some synthetic natural fibers, particularly those derived from cellulose, are being explored as a basis for biodegradable plastics. Their natural polymer structure can be modified to create materials that break down more easily in the environment compared to traditional plastics.

47. How do synthetic natural fibers impact the water footprint of textile production?

The water footprint of synthetic natural fibers can vary widely. Some, like conventional rayon, require significant water in production. Others, like lyocell, use closed-loop systems that recycle water and chemicals, significantly reducing water consumption compared to both natural fibers and other synthetic processes.

48. What are some potential health concerns associated with synthetic natural fibers?

While generally considered safe, some concerns include potential skin irritation from chemical residues used in production, and the release of microfibers during washing, which can enter the environment. However, many of these issues are being addressed through improved production methods and fiber designs.

49. How do synthetic natural fibers contribute to the development of antimicrobial textiles?

Synthetic natural fibers can be modified during production or treated post-production to have antimicrobial properties. This can involve incorporating antimicrobial agents into the fiber structure or applying treatments that inhibit the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms on the fabric surface.

50. How do synthetic natural fibers impact the sustainability of the fashion industry?

Synthetic natural fibers can contribute to sustainability by offering alternatives to resource-intensive natural fibers and non-biodegradable synthetics. They can be produced from renewable resources and some manufacturing processes are becoming increasingly eco-friendly. However, their overall impact depends on specific production methods and end-of-life management.

51. What role do synthetic natural fibers play in the development of 3D-printed textiles?

Synthetic natural fibers are being explored for use in 3D-printed textiles due to their customizable properties. They can be formulated into printable materials that retain desirable textile characteristics like flexibility and breathability, opening up new possibilities for customized and on-demand textile production.

52. How do synthetic natural fibers contribute to the development of self-cleaning textiles?

Synthetic natural fibers can be modified or coated with materials that repel water, oil, and dirt, contributing to self-cleaning properties. Some developments involve incorporating photocatalytic materials into the fibers, which can break down organic matter when exposed to light.

53. What is the role of synthetic natural fibers in the production of artificial leather?

Synthetic natural fibers, particularly cellulose-based ones like viscose, are often used in the production of artificial leather. They can provide a more natural feel and better breathability compared to purely synthetic materials, while still offering consistency and customizability in production.

54. How do synthetic natural fibers impact the electrostatic properties of textiles?

Many synthetic natural fibers have low static build-up compared to purely synthetic fibers. This is due to their ability to absorb moisture, which helps dissipate static charges. This property makes them suitable for applications where static electricity is a concern, such as in certain types of workwear.

55. What are some challenges in achieving color fastness in synthetic natural fibers?

While synthetic natural fibers often accept dyes well, achieving long-term color fastness can be challenging. Factors like exposure to sunlight, washing, and environmental conditions can affect color retention. Ongoing research focuses on developing new dyeing techniques and fiber modifications to improve color fastness.

56. How do synthetic natural fibers contribute to the circular economy in the textile industry?

Synthetic natural fibers can contribute to the circular economy by being derived from renewable resources, potentially being recyclable or biodegradable, and in some cases, being produced through closed-loop systems that minimize waste. However, realizing this potential requires careful consideration of the entire lifecycle of the fibers and the products made from them.