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Get UpdatesAP EAMCET 2024 - JNTU Kakinada has revised the AP EAMCET 2024 exam date for Engineering. The authority will conduct the Andhra EAPCET exam for Engineering from May 18 to 23, while the Agriculture & Pharmacy exam will be held on May 16 & 17. AP EAMCET 2024 registration concluded without a late fee on April 15. Candidates who have not yet applied for AP EAPCET 2024 can register for the entrance exam with a late fee by May 12. Students who have passed class 12 or other equivalent exams with a 45% aggregate score (40% for reserved category) in all subjects combined are eligible for the AP EAMCET exam 2024 registration. The authority has announced the AP EAMCET 2024 dates online. AP EAMCET 2024 exam will be held in online mode.
Latest: AP EAMCET Application Form Out; Direct Link
Don't Miss: AP EAMCET 2024 Sample papers | Know all about AP EAMCET
Detailed information regarding the exam syllabus, dates, paper pattern, application process and much more will be mentioned in the AP EAMCET information booklet at eapcet-sche.aptonline.in. Candidates seeking admission to Engineering, Agricultural, Pharmacy, etc courses offered in the colleges of Andhra Pradesh must appear for the EAPCET 2024.
AP EAMCET questions will be based on Mathematics, Chemistry, and Physics. There will be a total of 160 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in AP EAMCET. Each question will carry 1 mark. The question paper will be based on the AP EAMCET syllabus 2024 . Candidates must check out the AP EAMCET 2024 exam pattern to familiarise themselves with the exam. Candidates will be able to improve their scores by practising the AP EAMCET sample paper .
JNTU conducts the Andhra Pradesh Engineering, Agriculture, and Medical Common Entrance Test, commonly known as AP EAMCET every year. The EAMCET exam is conducted each year for admissions to courses like Engineering, Agricultural and Pharmacy colleges in India.
Registered candidates will be able to download the AP EAMCET 2024 admit card from the official website. Aspirants will need their EAPCET registration number, qualifying exam hall ticket number, and date of birth to download the admit card of AP EAMCET 2024.
Candidates who clear the AP EAMCET entrance exam are offered admission at 400 participating institutions across the state. AP EAMCET is a state-level admission test conducted in online mode at various centres.
| Full Exam Name | Andhra Pradesh Engineering Agriculture and Medical Common Entrance Test |
| Short Exam Name | AP EAMCET |
| Conducting Body | Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada |
| Frequency of Conduct | Once a year |
| Exam Level | State Level Exam |
| Languages | English, Telugu |
| Mode of Application | Online |
| Application Fee (General) | 600 Rs [Online] |
| Mode of Exam | Online |
| Mode of Counselling | Online / Offline |
| Participating Colleges | 100 |
| Exam Duration | 3 Hours |
Upcoming Dates and Events
16 Apr, 2024 - 30 Apr, 2024
Last date for submission of online applications with late fee of Rs.500/- | Mode: Online Ongoing
01 May, 2024 - 05 May, 2024
Last date for submission of online applications with late fee of Rs.1000/- | Mode: Online
04 May, 2024 - 06 May, 2024
Application Correction | Mode: Online
06 May, 2024 - 10 May, 2024
Last date for submission of online applications with late fee of Rs.5000/- | Mode: Online
11 May, 2024 - 12 May, 2024
Last date for submission of online applications with late fee of Rs.10000/- | Mode: Online
16 May, 2024 - 17 May, 2024
Exam - Agriculture & Pharmacy | Mode: Online
18 May, 2024 - 23 May, 2024
Exam - Engineering | Mode: Online
07 May, 2024 - 23 May, 2024
Admit Card | Mode: Online
Past Dates and Events
12 Mar, 2024 - 15 Apr, 2024
Application | Mode: Offline
The authorities will release the eligibility criteria 2024 of AP EAMCET along with the official information brochure on the website. The AP EAMCET 2024 eligibility criteria includes all the major details regarding the eligibility of a candidate in terms of minimum education qualifications, age limits, etc. Candidates should note that their admission to respective institutes is subject to their fulfilment of the eligibility criteria of AP EAMCET 2024.
Candidates are advised to check the eligibility criteria in advance so that no they can be prepared in advance with all the necessary documents. No candidate will be allowed to take admission if they fail to comply with the eligibility criteria prescribed by the institution.
Eligibility criteria:
Candidates of Indian nationality/PIO/OCI card holders are eligible to apply
Candidates should be at least 16 years of age as on December 31, 2024
Candidates appearing/passed their class 12 from the Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh/ Telangana with Physics and Mathematics along with Chemistry or related vocational courses in the field of Engineering as an optional subject with a minimum of 45% aggregate score in all subjects combined. Candidates belonging to the reserved category must have scored a minimum of 40% marks.
Candidates who have passed or are in their final year of the Diploma exam
Candidates should have secured at least 50% marks in Mathematics and overall 50% aggregate in Mathematics, Physics & Chemistry.
There are certain requirements that the candidates have to meet to be eligible for the B.Sc entrance examination. The eligibility criteria of AP EAMCET 2024 constitute such conditions. The candidates can refer to the AP EAMCET 2024 eligibility criteria that have been listed below:
Nationality – The candidates should hold Indian nationality or should be Persons of Indian Origin (PIO)/Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) Card holders.
Domicile – The domicile requirements of Andhra Pradesh/Telangana has to be satisfied.
Age Criteria – The candidates should have completed 17 years of age as of December 31 of the year of admission. The upper age limit is 22 years (25 years for SC/ST candidates).
Marks Required – The candidates should have obtained at least 45% marks in the qualifying examination (40% for reserved categories).
Candidates must refer to the eligibility criteria of AP EAMCET 2024 to check if they are eligible for B.Pharm admissions or not. The various criteria related to age, nationality, domicile, and more have to be fulfilled by the candidates. Inability to meet the criteria will lead to the disqualification of the candidates. AP EAMCET 2024 eligibility criteria for B.Pharm is listed below for everyone’s reference:
Age Limit – Should have completed 17 years of age by the date of commencement of admission or on such other date as notified by the authorities. There is no upper age limit.
Nationality – Candidates who are of Indian nationality or belong to the Persons of Indian Origin (PIO)/Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) category will be termed eligible.
Domicile – The domicile requirements of Andhra Pradesh/Telangana has to be satisfied.
Academic Requirements – Should have passed or appeared for the final year of the intermediate examination (10+2) with Biology, Physics, and Chemistry as optional conducted by Board of Intermediate Education, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana.
Mode of Application : Online
Mode of Payment : Net Banking | Credit Card | Debit Card | Other
The authorities has released the AP EAMCET 2024 application form on the official website. All the details regarding the admission procedure has notified in the official notification. The application process includes registration, paying the application fee, and uploading the necessary documents in the prescribed format. Candidates have to complete the AP EAMCET exam 2024 registration before the last date. Moreover, it is advised to keep the required documents handy before filling out the AP EAMCET application form 2024.
Follow the steps mentioned below and fill out the application form.
The application fees for AP EAMCET 2024 are mentioned in the table below:
Stream | Category | ||
Open Category | Backward Class | SC/ST | |
Engineering | INR 600 | INR 550 | INR 500 |
Agriculture | INR 600 | INR 550 | INR 500 |
Both Engineering & Agriculture | INR 1200 | INR 1100 | INR 1000 |
| Category | Quota | Mode | Gender | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | Online | Male, Female | ₹ 600 | |
| SC, ST | Online | Male, Female | ₹ 500 | |
| OBC | Online | Male, Female | ₹ 550 |
Algebra |
|---|
| Functions: Types of functions, definitions, inverse functions, and theorems, domain, range, inverse of real valued functions |
| Mathematical induction: Principle of mathematical induction and theorems, applications of mathematical induction, problems on divisibility |
| Matrices: Types of matrices, scalar multiple of a matrix and multiplication of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinants, adjoint and inverse of a matrix, consistency and inconsistency of equations rank of a matrix |
| Matrices: Solution of simultaneous linear equations |
| Complex numbers: Complex number as an ordered pair of real numbers, fundamental operations, representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib, modulus and amplitude of complex numbers, illustrations |
| Complex numbers: Geometrical and polar representation of complex numbers in Argand plane, Argand diagram. Multi-conceptual problem on the above concepts |
| De Moivre's theorem: Integral, and rational indices, nth roots of unity geometrical interpretations, illustrations |
| Quadratic expressions: Quadratic expressions, equations in one variable-sign of quadratic expressions, change in signs, maximum and minimum values, quadratic inequations |
| Theory of equations: The relation between the roots and coefficients in an equation, solving the equations when two or more roots of it are connected by certain relation, equation with real coefficients |
| Theory of equations: Occurrence of complex roots in conjugate pairs and its consequences, transformation of equations, reciprocal equations |
| Permutations and combinations: Fundamental principle of counting, linear and circular permutations, permutations of 'n’ dissimilar things taken 'r’ at a time, permutations when repetitions allowed, circular permutations |
| Permutations and combinations: Permutations with constraint repetitions, combinations-definitions, certain theorems and their applications |
| Binomial theorem: Binomial theorem for positive integral index, binomial theorem for rational index (without proof), approximations using binomial theorem |
| Partial fractions: Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains non, repeated linear factors, partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) where both f(x) and g(x) are polynomials and when g(x) contains repeated and/or non repeated linear factors |
| Partial fractions: Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains irreducible factors |
Trigonometry |
|---|
| Trigonometric ratios up to transformations: Graphs and periodicity of trigonometric functions, trigonometric ratios and compound angles, trigonometric ratios of multiple and sub-multiple angles, transformations, sum and product rules |
| Trigonometric equations: General solution of trigonometric equations, simple trigonometric equations, solutions |
| Inverse trigonometric functions: To reduce a trigonometric function into a bijection, graphs of inverse trigonometric functions, properties of inverse trigonometric functions |
| Hyperbolic functions: Definition of hyperbolic function-graphs, definition of inverse hyperbolic functions-graphs, addition formulae of hyperbolic functions |
| Properties of triangles: Relation between sides and angles of a triangle, sine, cosine, tangent, and projection rules, half angle formulae and areas of a triangle, incircle and excircle of a triangle |
Vector algebra |
|---|
| Addition of vectors: Vectors as a triad of real numbers, classification of vectors, addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, angle between two non zero vectors, linear combination of vectors, component of a vector in three dimensions |
| Addition of vectors: Vector equations of line and plane including their Cartesian equivalent forms |
| Product of vectors: Scalar product, geometrical interpretations, orthogonal projections, properties of dot product, expression of dot product in i, j, k system, angle between two vectors, geometrical vector methods |
| Product of vectors: Vector equations of plane in normal form, angle between two planes, vector product of two vectors and properties, vector product in i, j, k system, vector areas, scalar triple product, vector equations of plane in different forms |
| Product of vectors: Skew lines, shortest distance and their Cartesian equivalents. Plane through the line of intersection of two planes, condition for coplanarity of two lines, perpendicular distance of a point from a plane |
| Product of vectors: Angle between line and a plane. Cartesian equivalents of all these results-vector triple product, results |
Measures of dispersion and probability |
|---|
| Measures of dispersion, range, mean deviation, variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/ grouped data, coefficient of variation and analysis of frequency distribution with equal means but different variances |
| Probability: Random experiments and events, classical definition of probability, axiomatic approach, and addition theorem of probability, independent and dependent events, conditional probability, multiplication theorem and Baye's theorem |
| Random variables and probability distributions: Random variables, theoretical discrete distributions, binomial and Poisson distributions |
Coordinate geometry |
|---|
| Locus: Definition of locus, illustrations, to find equations of locus, problems connected to it |
| Transformation of axes: Transformation of axes-rules, derivations and illustrations, rotation of axes-derivations, illustrations |
| The straight line: Revision of fundamental results, straight line, normal form, illustrations, straight line, symmetric form, straight line, reduction into various forms, intersection of two straight lines, family of straight lines, concurrent lines |
| The straight line: Condition for concurrent lines, angle between two lines, length of perpendicular from a point to a line, distance between two parallel lines, concurrent lines, properties related to a triangle |
| Pair of straight lines: Equations of pair of lines passing through origin, angle between a pair of lines, condition for perpendicular and coincident lines, bisectors of angles-pair of bisectors of angles, pair of lines, second degree general equation |
| Pair of Straight lines: Conditions for parallel lines-distance between them, point of intersection of pair of lines, homogenizing a second degree equation with a first degree equation in x and y |
| Circle: Equation of circle, standard form, centre and radius of a circle with a given line segment as diameter and equation of circle through three non collinear points, parametric equations of a circle, position of a point in the plane of a circle |
| Circle: Power of a point definition of tangent, length of tangent, position of a straight line in the plane of a circle, conditions for a line to be tangent, chord joining two points on a circle, equation of the tangent at a point on the circle |
| Circle: Point of contact, equation of normal, chord of contact, pole and polar, conjugate points and conjugate lines, equation of chord in terms of its midpoint, relative position of two circles, circles touching each other externally, internally |
| Circle: Common tangents, centers of similitude, equation of pair of tangents from an external point |
| System of circles: Angle between two intersecting circles, radical axis of two circles, properties, common chord and common tangent of two circles, radical centre, intersection of a line and a circle |
| Parabola: Conic sections, parabola, equation of parabola in standard form, different forms of parabola, parametric equations, equations of tangent and normal at a point on the parabola (Cartesian and parametric) |
| Parabola: Conditions for straight line to be a tangent |
| Ellipse: Equation of ellipse in standard form, parametric equations, equation of tangent and normal at a point on the ellipse (Cartesian and parametric), condition for a straight line to be a tangent |
| Hyperbola: Equation of hyperbola in standard form, parametric equations, equation of tangent and normal at a point on the hyperbola (Cartesian and parametric), conditions for a straight line to be a tangent, asymptotes |
| Three dimensional coordinates: Coordinates, section formulae, centroid of a triangle and tetrahedron |
| Direction cosines and direction ratios: Direction cosines, direction ratios |
| Plane: Cartesian equation of plane, simple illustrations |
Calculus |
|---|
| Limits and continuity: Intervals and neighbourhoods, limits, standard limits, continuity |
| Differentiation: Derivative of a function, elementary properties, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, hyperbolic, inverse hyperbolic function, derivatives, methods of differentiation, second order derivatives |
| Applications of derivatives: Errors and approximations, geometrical interpretation of derivative, equations of tangents and normals, lengths of tangent, normal, sub tangent and sub normal |
| Applications of derivatives: Angles between two curves and condition for orthogonality of curves, derivative as rate of change, Rolle's theorem and Lagrange's mean value theorem without proofs and their geometrical interpretation |
| Applications of derivatives: Increasing and decreasing functions, maxima and minima |
| Integration: Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, standard forms, properties of integrals, method of substitution-integration of algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions |
| Integration: Integration by parts, integration by partial fractions method-reduction formulae |
| Definite integrals: Definite integral as the limit of sum, interpretation of definite integral as an area, fundamental theorem of integral calculus(without proof), properties, reduction formulae, application of definite integral to areas |
| Differential equations: Formation of differential equation, degree and order of an ordinary differential equation, solving differential equation by-i) variables separable method, ii) homogeneous differential equation |
| Differential equations: Solving differential equation by-iii) non-homogeneous differential equation, iv) linear differential equations |
Physical world |
|---|
| Scope and excitement of physics, physics, technology, and society, fundamental forces in nature, gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, towards unification of forces, nature of physical laws |
Units and measurements |
|---|
| Introduction, the international system of units, measurement of length, measurement of large distances, estimation of very small distances, size of a molecule, range of lengths, measurement of mass, range of masses, measurement of time, accuracy |
| Precision of instruments and errors in measurement, systematic errors, random errors, least count error, absolute error, relative error and percentage error, combination of errors, significant figures |
| Rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures, rounding off the uncertain digits, rules for determining the uncertainty in the results of arithmetic calculations, dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional formulae and dimensional equations |
| Dimensional analysis and its applications, checking the dimensional consistency of equations, deducing relation among the physical quantities |
Motion in a straight line |
|---|
| Position, path length and displacement, average velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity |
Motion in a plane |
|---|
| Introduction, scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors-graphical method, resolution of vectors, vector addition-analytical method |
| Motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height |
| Maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular motion |
Laws of motion |
|---|
| Introduction, Aristotle's fallacy, the law of inertia, Newton's first law of motion, Newton's second law of motion, momentum, impulse, Newton's third law of motion, conservation of momentum, equilibrium of a particle, common forces in mechanics, friction |
| Types of friction, static, kinetic and rolling frictions, circular motion, motion of a car on a level road, motion of a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics |
Work, energy, and power |
|---|
| Introduction, the scalar product, notions of work and kinetic energy, the work-energy theorem, work, kinetic energy, work done by a variable force, the work-energy theorem for a variable force, the concept of potential energy |
| The conservation of mechanical energy, the potential energy of a spring, various forms of energy, heat, chemical energy, electrical energy, the equivalence of mass and energy, nuclear energy, the principle of conservation of energy, power, collisions |
| Elastic and inelastic collisions, collisions in one dimension, coefficient of restitution and its determination, collisions in two dimensions |
Systems of particles and rotational motion |
|---|
| Introduction, rigid body motion, centre of mass, centre of gravity, motion of centre of mass, linear momentum of a system of particles, vector product of two vectors, angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity, angular acceleration |
| Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, moment of force (torque), angular momentum of particle, torque and angular momentum for a system of a particles, conservation of angular momentum, equilibrium of a rigid body, principle of moments |
| Moment of inertia, theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes, dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, angular momentum in case of rotation about a fixed axis, rolling motion, kinetic energy of rolling motion |
Oscillations |
|---|
| Introduction, periodic and oscillatory motions, period and frequency, displacement, simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion |
| Force law for simple harmonic motion, energy in simple harmonic motion, some systems executing simple harmonic motion, oscillations due to a spring, the simple pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion, forced oscillations and resonance |
Gravitation |
|---|
| Introduction, Kepler's laws, universal law of gravitation, central forces, the gravitational constant, acceleration due to gravity of the earth, acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth, gravitational potential energy, escape speed |
| Orbital speed, earth satellites, energy of an orbiting satellite, geostationary and polar satellites, weightlessness |
Mechanical properties of solids |
|---|
| Introduction, elastic behaviour of solids, stress and strain, Hooke's law, stress-strain curve, elastic moduli, Young's modulus, determination of Young's modulus of the material of a wire, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Poisson’s Ratio |
| Elastic potential energy in a stretched wire, applications of elastic behaviour of materials |
Mechanical properties of fluids |
|---|
| Introduction, pressure, Pascal's law, variation of pressure with depth, atmospheric pressure and gauge pressure, hydraulic machines, Archimedes' principle, streamline flow, Bernoulli's principle, speed of efflux, Torricelli's Law, Venturi-meter |
| Blood flow and heart attack, dynamic lift, viscosity, variation of viscosity of fluids with temperature, Stokes' law, Reynolds number, critical velocity, surface tension and surface energy, angle of contact, drops and bubbles, capillary rise |
| Detergents and surface tension |
Thermal properties of matter |
|---|
| Introduction, temperature and heat, measurement of temperature, ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, change of state, triple point, regelation, latent heat, heat transfer, conduction |
| Convection, radiation, black body radiation, greenhouse effect, Newton's law of cooling and its experimental verification |
Thermodynamics |
|---|
| Introduction, thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat, internal energy and work, first law of thermodynamics, specific heat capacity, specific heat capacity of water, thermodynamic state variables and equation of state |
| Thermodynamic processes, quasistatic process, isothermal process, adiabatic process, isochoric process, isobaric process, cyclic process, heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps, second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes |
| Carnot engine, Carnot's theorem |
Kinetic theory |
|---|
| Introduction, molecular nature of matter, behaviour of gases, Boyle's law, Charles' law, kinetic theory of an ideal gas, pressure of an ideal gas, kinetic interpretation of temperature, law of equipartition of energy, specific heat capacity |
| Monatomic gases, diatomic gases, polyatomic gases, specific heat capacity of solids, specific heat capacity of water, mean free path |
Waves |
|---|
| Introduction, transverse and longitudinal waves, displacement relation in a progressive wave, amplitude and phase, wavelength, and angular wave number, period, angular frequency and frequency, the speed of a travelling wave |
| Speed of a transverse wave on stretched string, speed of a longitudinal wave (speed of sound), the principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves and normal modes, beats |
| Doppler effect: Source moving and observer stationary, observer moving and source stationary, both source and observer moving |
Ray optics and optical instruments |
|---|
| Introduction, reflection of light by spherical mirrors, sign convention, focal length of spherical mirrors, the mirror equation, refraction, total internal reflection, total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications |
| Refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through a prism, dispersion by a prism, some natural phenomena due to sunlight, the rainbow, scattering of light, optical instruments |
| The eye, the simple and compound microscopes, refracting telescope and Cassegrain reflecting telescope |
Wave optics |
|---|
| Introduction, Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle, refraction in a rarer medium (at the denser medium boundary), reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface, the Doppler effect |
| Coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young's experiment, diffraction, the single slit diffraction, resolving power of optical instruments, the validity of ray optics, polarisation, polarisation by scattering |
| Polarisation by reflection |
Electric charges and fields |
|---|
| Introduction, electric charge, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic properties of electric charges, additivity of charges, conservation of charge, quantization of charge, Coulomb's law, forces between multiple charges, electric field |
| Electric field due to a system of charges, physical significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole, the field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line and on the equatorial plane |
| Physical significance of dipoles, dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss's law, applications of Gauss's law, field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire |
| Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, field due to uniformly charged thin spherical shell |
Electrostatic potential and capacitance |
|---|
| Introduction, electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, relation between field and potential, potential energy of a system of charges |
| Potential energy in an external field, potential energy of a single charge, potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field, potential energy of a dipole in an external field, electrostatics of conductors, electrostatic shielding |
| Dielectrics and polarisation, electric displacement, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor, effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, capacitors in series, capacitors in parallel, energy stored in a capacitor |
| Van De Graaff generator |
Current electricity |
|---|
| Introduction, electric current, electric current in conductors, Ohm's law, drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, mobility, limitations of Ohm's law, resistivity of various materials, colour code of resistors |
| Temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power, combination of resistors-series and parallel |
| Cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's rules, Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge, potentiometer |
Moving charges and magnetism |
|---|
| Introduction, magnetic force, sources and fields, magnetic field, Lorentz force, magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, motion in a magnetic field, helical motion of charged particles, motion in combined electric and magnetic fields |
| Velocity selector, cyclotron, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot-Savart's law, magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop, Ampere's circuital law, the solenoid and the toroid, force between two parallel current carrying conductors |
| The ampere (unit), torque on current loop, magneticdipole, torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole, the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, the moving coil galvanometer |
| Conversion into ammeter and voltmeter |
Magnetism and matter |
|---|
| Introduction, the bar magnet, the magnetic field lines, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, the dipole in a uniform magnetic field, the electrostatic analog, magnetism and Gauss's law, the earth's magnetism, magnetic declination and dip |
| Magnetisation and magnetic intensity, susceptibility, magnetic properties of materials; diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, hysteresis loop, permanent magnets and electromagnets |
Electromagnetic induction |
|---|
| Introduction, the experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday's law of induction, Lenz's law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive force, energy consideration-a quantitative study, Eddy currents, inductance, mutual inductance |
| Self inductance, AC generator |
Alternating current |
|---|
| Introduction, AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors-phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit |
| Phasor-diagram solution, analytical solution, resonance, sharpness of resonance, power in AC circuit, the power factor, LC oscillations, transformers |
Electromagnetic waves |
|---|
| Introduction, displacement current, Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, sources of electromagnetic waves, nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays |
| Electromagnetic spectrum: Gamma rays |
Dual nature of radiation and matter |
|---|
| Introduction, electron emission, photoelectric Effect, Hertz's observations, Hallwachs and Lenard's observations, experimental study of photoelectric effect, effect of intensity of light on photocurrent, effect of potential on photoelectric current |
| Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential, photoelectric effect and wave theory of light, Einstein's photoelectric equation, energy quantum of radiation, particle nature of light, the photon, wave nature of matter, photocell |
| Davisson and germer experiment |
Atoms |
|---|
| Introduction, alpha particle scattering and Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, alpha particle trajectory, electron orbits, atomic spectra, spectral series, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, energy levels, Franck-Hertz experiment |
| The line spectra of the hydrogen atom, De Broglie's explanation of Bohr's second postulate of quantization, laser light |
Nuclei |
|---|
| Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, discovery of neutron, size of the nucleus, mass-energy and nuclear binding energy, nuclear force, radioactivity, law of radioactive decay, alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, nuclear energy, fission |
| Nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, energy generation in stars, controlled thermonuclear fusion |
Semiconductors electronics: Materials, devices, and simple circuits |
|---|
| Introduction, classification of metals, conductors, and semiconductors on the basis of conductivity and energy bands, band theory of solids, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, p-type semiconductor, n-type semiconductor |
| p-n junction formation, semiconductor diode, p-n junction diode under forward bias, p-n junction diode under reverse bias, application of junction diode as a rectifier, special purpose p-n junction diodes, Zener diode, Zener diode as voltage regulator |
| Optoelectronic junction devices, photodiode, light emitting diode, solar cell |
| Junction transistor, structure and action, basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor characteristics, transistor as a switch and as an amplifier (CE-configuration), feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator |
| Digital electronics and logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND, and NOR gates, integrated circuits |
Communication systems |
|---|
| Introduction, elements of a communication system, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, ground waves, sky waves, space wave |
| Modulation and its necessity, size of the antenna or aerial, effective power radiated by an antenna, mixing up of signals from different transmitters, amplitude modulation, production of amplitude modulated wave, detection of amplitude modulated wave |
Atomic structure |
|---|
| Sub-atomic particles; atomic models-Thomson's model; Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, developments to the Bohr's model of atom; nature of electromagnetic radiation; particle nature of electromagnetic radiation-Planck's quantum theory |
| Bohr's model for hydrogen atom; explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen; limitations of Bohr's model; quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic particles; dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle |
| Quantum mechanical model of an atom |
| Important features of quantum mechanical model of atom; orbitals and quantum numbers; shapes of atomic orbitals; energies of orbitals; filling of orbitals in atoms |
| Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity; electronic configurations of atoms; stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals |
Classification of elements and periodicity in properties |
|---|
| Need to classify elements; genesis of periodic classification; modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table; nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100, electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table |
| Electronic configuration and types of elements s, p, d, and f blocks; trends in physical properties: (a) Atomic radius, (b) ionic radius (c) variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) ionization enthalpy, (e) electron gain enthalpy |
| Trends in physical properties: (f) Electro negativity; periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Valence or oxidation states, (b) anomalous properties of second period elements-diagonal relationship; periodic trends and chemical reactivity |
Chemical bonding and molecular structure |
|---|
| Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding, octet rule, representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of octet rule; ionic or electrovalent bond-factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds |
| Crystal structure of sodium chloride, general properties of ionic compounds; bond parameters-bond length, bond angle, bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance polarity of bonds dipole moment-Fajan rules; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory |
| Predicting the geometry of simple molecules; valence bond theory, orbital overlap concept, directional properties of bonds, overlapping of atomic orbitals, types of overlapping, and nature of covalent bonds, strength of sigma and pi bonds |
| Factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds; hybridisation-different types of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals, shapes of simple covalent molecules; coordinate bond-definition with examples; molecular orbital theory |
| Formation of molecular orbitals, linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), conditions for combination of atomic orbitals, energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals, bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules-H2, He2, Li2, B2, C2, N2, and O2 |
| Hydrogen bonding-cause of formation of hydrogen bond, types of hydrogen bonds, inter and intra molecular, general properties of hydrogen bonds |
States of matter: gases and liquids |
|---|
| Intermolecular forces; thermal energy; intermolecular forces vs. thermal interactions; the gaseous state; the gas laws; ideal gas equation; Graham's law of diffusion-Dalton's law of partial pressures; kinetic molecular theory of gases |
| Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (no derivation) deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation; distribution of molecular speeds-rms, average and most probable speeds-kinetic energy of gas molecules; behaviour of real gases |
| Deviation from ideal gas behaviour, compressibility factor vs. pressure diagrams of real gases; liquefaction of gases; liquid state-properties of liquids in terms of inter molecular interactions, vapour pressure |
| Viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only. No mathematical derivation) |
Stoichiometry |
|---|
| Some basic concepts-properties of matter, uncertainty in measurement, significant figures, dimensional analysis; laws of chemical combinations, law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions |
| Gay Lussac's law of gaseous volumes, Dalton's atomic theory, Avogadro's law, examples; atomic and molecular masses-mole concept and molar mass |
| Concept of equivalent weight; percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds; stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations; limiting reagent |
| Methods of expressing concentrations of solutions-mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality; redox reactions-classical idea of redox reactions, oxidation, and reduction reactions-redox reactions in terms of electron transfer |
| Oxidation number concept; types of redox reactions-combination, decomposition, displacement, and disproportionation reactions; balancing of redox reactions-oxidation number method half reaction (ion-electron) method; redox reactions in titrimetry |
Thermodynamics |
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| Thermodynamic terms; the system and the surroundings; types of systems and surroundings; the state of the system; the Internal energy as a state function |
| (a) Work (b) heat (c) the general case, the first law of thermodynamics; applications; work; enthalpy, H-a useful new state function; extensive and intensive properties; heat capacity; the relationship between Cp and Cv |
| RH of reactions-reaction enthalpy (a) calorimetry; enthalpy change, ∆U and ∆measurement of standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) enthalpy changes during phase transformations, (c) standard enthalpy of formation, (d) thermo chemical equations |
| RH of reactions-reaction enthalpy (e) Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies 0for for different types of reactions |
| (a) Standard enthalpy of combustion (∆cH0), (b) enthalpy of 0atomization (∆aH0), phase transition, sublimation and ionization, (c) bond enthalpy (∆bondH), (d) 0enthalpy of solution (∆solH) and dilution-lattice enthalpy; spontaneity |
| (a) Is decrease in enthalpy a criterion for spontaneity?, (b) entropy and spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs energy and spontaneity; Gibbs energy change and equilibrium; absolute entropy and the third law of thermodynamics |
Chemical equilibrium and acids-bases |
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| Equilibrium in physical processes; equilibrium in chemical processes-dynamic equilibrium; law of chemical equilibrium-law of mass action and equilibrium constant; homogeneous equilibria, equilibrium constant in gaseous systems |
| Relationship between Kp and Kc; heterogeneous equilibria; applications of equilibrium constant; relationship between equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; factors affecting equilibria |
| Le-Chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis of ammonia and sulphur trioxide; ionic equilibrium in solutions; acids, bases, and salts-Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis concepts of acids and bases; ionisation of acids and bases |
| Ionisation constant of water and its ionic product, pH scale ionisation constants of weak acids, ionisation of weak bases, relation between Ka and Kb-Di and poly basic acids and di and poly acidic bases, factors affecting acid strength |
| Common ion effect in the ionization of acids and bases, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions; buffer solutions-designing of buffer solution, preparation of acidic buffer; solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts |
| Solubility product constant, common ion effect on solubility of ionic salts |
Hydrogen and its compound |
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| Position of hydrogen in the periodic table; dihydrogen-occurance and isotopes; preparation and properties of dihydrogen; hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides; water: Physical properties; structure of water, ice |
| Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water, temporary and permanent hardness of water; hydrogen peroxide: Preparation; physical properties; structure and chemical properties; storage and uses; heavy water; hydrogen as a fuel |
S-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth metals) |
|---|
| Group 1 elements: Alkali metals; electronic configurations; atomic and ionic radii; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties; chemical properties; uses; general characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; halides |
| Group 1 elements: Salts of oxo acids; anomalous properties of lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, diagonal relationship; similarities between lithium and magnesium; some important compounds of sodium: Sodium carbonate |
| Group 1 elements: Sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide; sodium hydrogen carbonate; biological importance of sodium and potassium |
| Group 2 elements: Alkaline earth elements; electronic configuration; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties, chemical properties; uses |
| Group 2 elements: General characteristics of compounds of the alkaline earth metals-oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids (carbonates; sulphates and nitrates); anomalous behaviour of beryllium; its diagonal relationship with aluminium |
| Group 2 elements: Some important compounds of calcium-preparation and uses of calcium oxide; calcium hydroxide; calcium carbonate; plaster of Paris; cement; biological importance of calcium and magnesium |
p-block elements-group 13 (boron family) |
|---|
| General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of boron; some important compounds of boron-borax, ortho boric acid, diborane |
| Uses of boron, aluminium, and their compounds |
p-block elements-group 14 (carbon family) |
|---|
| General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; allotropes of carbon; uses of carbon |
| Some important compounds of carbon and silicon-carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, silica, silicones, silicates, and zeolites |
Environmental chemistry |
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| Definition of terms: Air, water, and soil pollutions; environmental pollution; atmospheric pollution; tropospheric pollution; gaseous air pollutants (oxides of sulphur; oxides of nitrogen; hydrocarbons; oxides of carbon (CO, CO2)) |
| Global warming and green house effect; acid rain particulate pollutants-smog; stratospheric pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone-ozone hole, effects of depletion of the Ozone Layer; water pollution: Causes of water pollution |
| International standards for drinking water; soil pollution: Pesticides, industrial wastes; strategies to control environmental pollution-waste management, collection, and disposal; green chemistry: Green chemistry in day-to-day life |
| Dry cleaning of clothes; bleaching of paper; synthesis of chemicals |
Organic chemistry-some basic principles and techniques, and hydrocarbons |
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| General introduction; tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of organic compounds; structural representations of organic compounds; classification of organic compounds; nomenclature of organic compounds; isomerism |
| Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; fission of covalent bond; nucleophiles and electrophiles; electron movements in organic reactions |
| Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: Inductive effect, resonance, resonance effect; electromeric effect, hyperconjugation; types of organic reactions; methods of purification of organic compounds |
| Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds; quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds |
Hydrocarbons |
|---|
| Classification of hydrocarbons; alkanes-nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only); preparation of alkanes; properties-physical properties and chemical reactivity |
| Alkanes-substitution reactions-halogenation (free radical mechanism), combustion, controlled oxidation, isomerisation, aromatization, reaction with steam, and pyrolysis; alkenes-nomenclature, structure of ethene, Isomerism (structural and geometrical) |
| Alkenes-methods of preparation; properties-physical and chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, hydrogen halides (mechanism-ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov's, anti Markovnikov's or Kharasch effect) |
| Alkenes-oxidation, ozonolysis, and polymerization; alkynes-nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene. Methods of preparation of acetylene; Physical properties, Chemical reactions-acidic character of acetylene |
| Alkynes-addition reactions-of hydrogen, halogen, hydrogen halides, and water. Polymerization |
| Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of benzene, resonance, and aromaticity; preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution |
| Aromatic hydrocarbons: Electrophilic substitution reactions-nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, and acylation; directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene, carcinogenicity, and toxicity |
Solid state |
|---|
| General characteristics of solid state; amorphous and crystalline solids; classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent solids); probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography |
| Crystal lattices and unit cells |
| Bravais lattices primitive and centred unit cells; number of atoms in a unit cell (primitive, body centred, and face centred cubic unit cell); close packed structures: Close packing in one dimension, in two dimensions and in three dimensions |
| Tetrahedral and octahedral voids, formula of a compound and number of voids filled, locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids; packing efficiency in simple cubic, bcc, and in hcp, ccp lattice |
| Calculations involving unit cell dimensions-density of the unit cell; imperfections in solids, types of point defects, stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects; electrical properties, conduction of electricity in metals |
| Semiconductors and insulators, band theory of metals; magnetic properties |
Solutions |
|---|
| Types of solutions; expressing concentration of solutions-mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity, and molality; Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid |
| Solubility: solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry's law; vapour pressure of liquid solutions: Vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions |
| Raoult's law as a special case of Henry’s law-vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties and determination of molar mass-relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point |
| Depression of freezing point, osmosis and osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis and water purification; abnorma molar masses, Van't Hoff factor |
Electrochemistry and chemical kinetics |
|---|
| Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells; galvanic cells: Measurement of electrode potentials; Nernst equation-equilibrium constant from Nernst equation, electro chemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell reaction; conductance of electrolytic solutions |
| Electrochemistry: Measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions, variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration, strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes, applications of Kohlrausch's law |
| Electrochemistry: Electrolytic cells and electrolysis-Faraday’s laws of electrolysis products of electrolysis; batteries: Primary batteries and secondary batteries; fuel cells; corrosion of metals-hydrogen economy |
| Chemical kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction; factors influencing rate of a reaction: Dependence of rate on concentration-rate expression and rate constant-order of a reaction, molecularity of a reaction; integrated rate equations |
| Chemical kinetics: Zero order reactions, first order reactions, half life of a reaction; pseudo first order reaction; temperature dependence of the rate of a reaction-effect of catalyst; collision theory of chemical reaction rates |
Surface chemistry |
|---|
| Adsorption: Distinction between adsorption and absorption, mechanism of adsorption, types of adsorption, characteristics of physisorption, characteristics of chemisorptions, adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solution phase, applications of adsorption |
| Catalysis: Catalysts, promoters, and poisons, auto catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis |
| Catalysis: Important features of solid catalysts-(a) activity (b) selectivity, shape, selective catalysis by zeolites, enzyme catalysis, characteristics and mechanism, catalysts in industry |
| Colloids: Classification of colloids-classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium, classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium |
| Colloids: Classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase, multi molecular, macromolecular, and associated colloids, cleansing action of soaps, preparation of colloids, purification of colloidal solutions |
| Colloids: Properties of colloidal solutions-colligative properties, Tyndal effect, colour, Brownian movement, charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis; coagulation, precipitation methods, coagulation of lyophilic sols and protection of colloids |
| Colloids: Emulsions; colloids around us, application of colloids |
General principles of metallurgy |
|---|
| Occurrence of metals; concentration of ores-levigation, magnetic separation, froth floatation, leaching; extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal; thermodynamic principles of metallurgy |
| Ellingham diagram, limitations, applications, extraction of iron, copper, and zinc from their oxides; electrochemical principles of metallurgy; oxidation and reduction |
| Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation poling, electrolytic refining, zone refining and vapour phase refining; uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron |
P-block elements |
|---|
| Group-15 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dinitrogen preparation, properties, and uses |
| Group-15 elements: Compounds of nitrogen-preparation and properties of ammonia; oxides of nitrogen; preparation and properties of nitric acid; phosphorous allotropic forms; phosphine-preparation, properties, and uses; phosphorous halides |
| Group 15 elements: Oxoacids of phosphorous |
| Group-16 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dioxygen-preparation, properties, and uses; simple oxides |
| Group-16 elements: Ozone-preparation, properties, structure, and uses; sulphur-allotropic forms; sulphur dioxide-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of sulphur; sulphuric acid-manufacture, properties, and uses |
| Group-17 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; chlorine-preparation, properties, and uses |
| Group-17 elements: Hydrogen chloride-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of halogens; interhalogen compounds-preparation, properties, and uses |
| Group-18 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionization enthalpy, atomic radii, electron gain enthalpy, physical and chemical properties (a) xenon-fluorine compounds-XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6 |
| Group-18 elements: Preparation, hydrolysis, and formation of fluoro anions-structures of XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6 (b) xenon-oxygen compounds XeO3 and XeOF4-their formation and structures, uses of noble gases |
D and f block elements and coordination compounds |
|---|
| d and f block elements: Position in the periodic table; electronic configuration of the d block elements; general properties of the transition elements (d-block)-physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series |
| d and f block elements: Ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M²+/M and M³+/M²+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states, chemical reactivity and Eθ values, magnetic properties |
| d and f block elements: Formation of coloured ions, formation of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation; some important compounds of transition elements-oxides and oxoanions of metals |
| d and f block elements: Preparation and properties of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures of chromate, dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions; inner transition elements (f-block)-lanthanoids, electronic configuration |
| d and f block elements: Atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics; actinoids-electronic configuration atomic, and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics, and comparison with lanthanoids |
| d and f block elements: Some applications of d and f block elements |
| Coordination compounds: Werner's theory of coordination compounds; definitions of some terms used in coordination compounds; nomenclature of coordination compounds-IUPAC nomenclature |
| Coordination compounds: Isomerism in coordination compounds-(a) stereo isomerism-geometrical and optical isomerism, (b) structural isomerism-linkage, coordination, ionisation and hydrate isomerism; bonding in coordination compounds |
| Coordination compounds: (a) Valence bond theory-magnetic properties of coordination compounds, limitations of valence bond theory, (b) crystal field theory-(i) crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities |
| Coordination compounds: (b) Crystal field theory-(ii) colour in coordination compounds-limitations of crystal field theory; bonding in metal carbonyls; stability of coordination compounds; importance and applications of coordination compounds |
Polymers |
|---|
| Classification of polymers, classification based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization; types of polymerization reactions, addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization |
| Ionic polymerization, free radical mechanism, preparation of addition polymers, polythene, teflon and polyacrylonitrile, condensation polymerization or step growth polymerization, polyamides, preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6-polyesters, terylene |
| Bakelite, melamine, formaldehyde polymers; copolymerization-rubber, natural rubber, vulcanisation of rubber, synthetic rubbers, preparation of neoprene, and buna-N; molecular mass of polymers |
| Number average and weight average molecular masses, poly dispersity index (PDI); biodegradable polymers-PHBV, Nylon 2-Nylon 6; polymers of commercial importance-polypropene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), urea-formaldehyde resin |
| Glyptal and bakelite-their monomers, structures, and uses |
Biomolecules |
|---|
| Carbohydrates: Classification of carbohydrates, monosaccharides: Preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch-properties and structure of glucose, D,L configurations and (+), (-) notations of glucose, structure of fructose |
| Carbohydrates: Disaccharides-sucrose-preparation, structure; invert sugar-structures of maltose and lactose-polysaccharides: Structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen, importance of carbohydrates |
| Proteins: Amino acids-natural amino acids, classification of aminoacids, structures and D and L forms, Zwitter ions |
| Proteins: Structures, classification, fibrous, and globular-primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structures of proteins, denaturation of proteins |
| Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action |
| Vitamins: Explanation, names, classification of vitamins, sources of vitamins, deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins |
| Nucleic acids: Chemical composition of nucleic acids, structures of nucleic acids, DNA finger printing, biological functions of nucleic acids |
| Hormones: Definition, different types of hormones, their production, biological activity, diseases due to their abnormal activities |
Chemistry in everyday life |
|---|
| Drugs and their classification: (a) Classification of drugs on the basis of pharmacological effect, (b) classification of drugs on the basis of drug action, (c) classification of drugs on the basis of chemical structure |
| Drugs and their classification: (d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular targets; drug-target interaction, enzymes as drug targets (a) catalytic action of enzymes, (b) drug-enzyme interaction, receptors as drug targets |
| Drugs and their classification: Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs-antacids, antihistamines, neurologically active drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics-non-narcotic, narcotic analgesics, antimicrobials-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants |
| Drugs and their classification: Antifertility drugs; chemicals in food-artificial sweetening agents, food preservatives, antioxidants in food; cleansing agents-soaps and synthetic detergents-types and examples |
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes |
|---|
| Classification and nomenclature; nature of CX bond; methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and aryl halides from alcohols, from hydrocarbons, (a) by free radical halogenation, (b) by electrophilic substitution |
| Methods of preparation: (c) By replacement of diazonium group (Sandmeyer reaction), (d) by the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by halogen exchange reactions; physical properties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility |
| Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (i) nucleophilic substitution reactions-(a) SN² mechanism, (b) SN¹ mechanism, (c) stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions-optical activity, (ii) Elimination reactions |
| Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (iii) reaction with metals-reactions of haloarenes: (i) Nucleophilic substitution, (ii) electrophilic substitution and, (iii) reaction with metals |
| Polyhalogen compounds: Uses and environmental effects of dichloro methane, trichloromethane, triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane, freons and DDT |
Organic compounds containing C, H, and O (alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids) |
|---|
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Classification; nomenclature: (a) Alcohols, (b) phenols and, (c) ethers; structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups |
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Methods of preparation-alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds, from Grignard reagents; phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, cumene; physical properties of alcohols and phenols |
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (i) reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity of alcohols and phenols, esterification, (ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond-reactions with HX, PX3 |
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Dehydration and oxidation (iii) reactions of phenols-electrophilic aromatic substitution, Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, reaction with zinc dust, oxidation; commercially important alcohols (methanol, ethanol) |
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Ethers-methods of preparation: By dehydration of alcohols, Williamson synthesis-physical properties, chemical reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers (anisole) |
| Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group; preparation of aldehydes and ketones-(1) by oxidation of alcohols, (2) by dehydrogenation of alcohols, (3) from hydrocarbons |
| Aldehydes and ketones: Preparation of aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles and esters, (3) from hydrocarbons, preparation of ketones-(1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles, (3) from benzene or substituted benzenes |
| Aldehydes and ketones: Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones; chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones-nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation |
| Aldehydes and ketones: Reactions due to alpha hydrogen and other reactions (Cannizzaro reaction, electrophilic substitution reaction); uses of aldehydes and ketones |
| Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature and structure of carboxyl group; methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (1) from primary alcohols and aldehydes, (2) from alkyl benzenes, (3) from nitriles and amides, (4) from Grignard reagents |
| Carboxylic acids: Methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (5) from acyl halides and anhydrides, (6) from esters; physical properties; chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity, reactions with metals and alkalies |
| Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond-formation of anhydride, reactions with PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia, (iii) reactions involving-COOH group-reduction, decarboxylation |
| Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(iv) substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part-halogenation and ring substitution; uses of carboxylic acids |
Organic compounds containing nitrogen |
|---|
| Amines: Structure of amines; classification; nomenclature; preparation of amines: Reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides |
| Amines: Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; physical properties; chemical reactions: Basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid |
| Amines: Reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines(anilines)-bromination, nitration, and sulphonation |
| Diazonium salts: Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization) physical properties; chemical reactions: Reactions involving displacement of nitrogen; Sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman reaction, replacement by i) iodiode, and fluoride ions |
| Diazonium salts: Replacement by ii) hydrogen, hydroxyl and nitro groups; reactions involving retention of diazo group; coupling reactions; importance of diazonium salts in synthesis of aromatic compounds |
| Cyanides and isocyanides: Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides; preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions of cyanides, and isocyanides |
Diversity in the living world |
|---|
| The living world: What is living? diversity in the living world; taxonomic categories and taxonomical aids |
| Biological classification: Five kingdom classification-monera, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia, three domains of life (six kingdom classification), viruses, viroids, prions, and lichens |
| Science of plants-botany: Origin, development, scope of botany, and branches of botany |
| Plant kingdom: Salient features, classification and alternation of generations of the plants of the following groups-algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms |
Structural organisation in plants-morphology |
|---|
| Morphology of flowering plants: Vegetative-parts of a typical angiospermic plant; vegetative morphology and modifications-root, stem, and leaf-types; venation, phyllotaxy |
| Morphology of flowering plants: Reproductive-inflorescence-racemose, cymose, and special types (in brief) |
| Morphology of flowering plants: Flower-parts of a flower and their detailed description; aestivation, placentation |
| Morphology of flowering plants: Fruits-types-true, false, and parthenocarpic fruits |
Reproduction in plants |
|---|
| Modes of reproduction: A sexual reproduction, binary fission, sporulation, budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation in plants, sexual reproduction-in brief, overview of angiosperm life cycle |
| Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Stamen, microsporangium, pollen grain. Pistil, megasporangium (ovule), and embryo sac; development of male and female gametophytes. Pollination-types, agents, out breeding devices and pollen-pistil interaction |
| Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Double fertilization; post fertilisation events: Development of endosperm and embryo; development of seed, structure of dicotyledons and monocotyledons seeds, significance of fruit and seed |
| Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony |
Plant systematics |
|---|
| Taxonomy of angiosperms: Introduction. Types of systems of classification (in brief). Semi-technical description of a typical flowering plant. Description of families: Fabaceae, solanaceae, and liliaceae |
Cell structure and function |
|---|
| Cell-the unit of life: Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life, overview of the cell. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, ultra structure of plant cell (structure in detail and functions in brief), cell membrane, cell wall |
| Cell-the unit of life: Cell organelles-endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, golgi bodies, vacuoles, lysosomes, microbodies, centrosome and centriole, cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton and nucleus |
| Cell-the unit of life: Chromosomes-number, structural organization; nucleosome |
| Biomolecules: Structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids |
| Cell cycle and cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis-significance |
Internal organisation of plants |
|---|
| Histology and anatomy of flowering plants: Tissues-types, structure, and functions: Meristematic; permanent tissues-simple and complex tissues. Tissue systems-types, structure, and function: Epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems |
| Histology and anatomy of flowering plants: Anatomy of dicotyledons and monocotyledons plants-root, stem and leaf. Secondary growth in dicot stem and dicot root |
Plant Ecology |
|---|
| Ecological adaptations, succession, and ecological services: Introduction. Plant communities and ecological adaptations: Hydrophytes, mesophytes, and xerophytes. Plant succession |
| Ecological adaptations, succession, and ecological services: Ecological services-carbon fixation, oxygen release and pollination (in brief) |
Plant physiology |
|---|
| Transport in plants: Means of transport-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, passive symports, and antiports, active transport, comparison of different transport processes, plant-water relations-water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis, imbibition |
| Transport in plants: Long distance transport of water-water movement up a plant, root pressure, transpiration pull, transpiration-opening and closing of stomata, transpiration and photosynthesis-a compromise, uptake and transport of mineral nutrients |
| Transport in plants: Uptake of mineral ions, translocation of mineral ions, phloem transport: Flow from source to sink-the pressure flow or mass flow hypothesis |
| Mineral nutrition: Methods to study the mineral requirements of plants, essential mineral elements-criteria for essentiality, macronutrients, micronutrients, role of macro-and micronutrients, deficiency symptoms of essential elements |
| Mineral nutrition: Toxicity of micronutrients, mechanism of absorption of elements, translocation of solutes, soil as reservoir of essential elements, metabolism of nitrogen-nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation |
| Mineral nutrition: Nodule formation |
| Enzymes: Chemical reactions, enzymatic conversions, nature of enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme activity, temperature and pH, concentration of substrate, classification and nomenclature of enzymes, cofactors |
| Photosynthesis in higher plants: Early experiments, site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis, light reaction, the electron transport-splitting of water, cyclic and non-cyclic photo phosphorylation, chemiosmotic hypothesis |
| Photosynthesis in higher plants: Biosynthetic phase-the primary acceptor of CO2, the Calvin cycle, the C4 pathway, photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis |
| Respiration of plants: Cellular respiration, glycolysis, fermentation, aerobic respiration-tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport system (ETS), and oxidative phosphorylation, the respiratory balance sheet, amphibolic pathway, respiratory quotient |
| Plant growth and development: Growth-plant growth, phases of growth, growth rates, conditions for growth, differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, development, plant growth regulators-discovery |
| Plant growth and development: Physiological effects of plant growth regulators, auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, seed dormancy, photoperiodism, vernalisation |
Microbiology |
|---|
| Bacteria: Morphology of bacteria, bacterial cell structure-nutrition, reproduction-sexual reproduction, conjugation, transformation, transduction, the importance of bacteria to humans |
| Viruses: Discovery, classification of viruses, structure of viruses, multiplication of bacteriophages-the lytic cycle, the lysogenic cycle, viral diseases in plants, viral diseases in humans |
Genetics |
|---|
| Principles of inheritance and variation: Mendel's experiments, inheritance of one gene (monohybrid cross)-back cross and test cross, law of dominance, law of segregation or law of purity of gametes, deviations from Mendelian concept of dominance |
| Principles of inheritance and variation: Incomplete dominance, codominance, explanation of the concept of dominance, inheritance of two genes-law of independent assortment, chromosomal theory of inheritance, linkage and recombination, mutations |
| Principles of inheritance and variation: Significance of mutations |
Molecular biology |
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| Molecular basis of inheritance: The DNA-structure of polynucleotide chain, packaging of DNA helix, the search for genetic material, transforming principle, biochemical characterisation of transforming principle, the genetic material is DNA |
| Molecular basis of inheritance: Properties of genetic material (DNA versus RNA), RNA world, replication-the experimental proof, the machinery and the enzymes, transcription-transcription unit, transcription unit and the gene |
| Molecular basis of inheritance: Types of RNA and the process of transcription, genetic code-mutations and genetic code, tRNA-the adapter molecule, translation, regulation of gene expression-the lac operon |
Biotechnology |
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| Principles and processes of biotechnology: Principles of biotechnology, construction of the first artificial recombinant DNA molecule, tools of recombinant DNA technology-restriction enzymes, cloning vectors |
| Principles and processes of biotechnology: Competent host (for transformation with recombinant DNA), processes of recombinant DNA technology, isolation of the genetic material (DNA), cutting of DNA at specific locations |
| Principles and processes of biotechnology: Separation and isolation of DNA fragments, insertion of isolated gene into a suitable vector, amplification of gene of interest using PCR, insertion of recombinant DNA into the host, cell/ organism |
| Principles and processes of biotechnology: Selection of transformed host cells, obtaining the foreign gene product, downstream processing |
| Biotechnology and its applications: Biotechnological applications in agriculture-BT cotton, pest resistant plants, other applications of biotechnology-insulin, gene therapy, molecular diagnosis, ELISA, DNA fingerprinting |
| Biotechnology and its applications: Biosafety and ethical issues, biopiracy |
Plants, microbes, and human welfare |
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| Strategies for enhancement in food production: Plant breeding-what is plant breeding?, wheat and rice, sugarcane, millets, plant breeding for disease resistance, methods of breeding for disease resistance, mutation |
| Strategies for enhancement in food production: Plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pests, plant breeding for improved food quality, single cell protein (SCP), tissue culture |
| Microbes in human welfare: Microbes in household products, microbes in industrial products-fermented beverages, antibiotics, chemicals, enzymes and other bioactive molecules, microbes in sewage treatment, primary treatment |
| Microbes in human welfare: Secondary treatment or biological treatment, microbes in production of biogas, microbes as biocontrol agents, biological control of pests and diseases, microbes as biofertilisers, challenges posed by microbes |
Zoology-diversity of living world |
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| What is life?; nature, scope, and meaning of zoology; branches of zoology; need for classification, zoos as tools for study of taxonomy; basic principles of classification: Biological system of classification-(phylogenetic classification only) |
| Levels or hierarchy of classification; nomenclature-Bi and trinomial; species concept; kingdom animalia; biodiversity-meaning and distribution, genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity (alpha, beta, and gama) |
| Other attributes of biodiversity, role of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, methods of conservation, IUCN red data books, conservation of wild life in India-legislation, preservation, organisations, threatened species |
Structural organization in animals |
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| Levels of organization, multicellularity: Diploblastic and triploblastic conditions; asymmetry, symmetry: Radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry (brief account giving one example for each type from the representative phyla), acoelomates |
| Pseudocoelomates and eucoelomates: Schizo and entero coelomates (brief account of formation of coelom); tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues |
Animal diversity-I: Invertebrate phyla |
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| General characters-classification up to classes with two or three examples-(brief account only) |
| Porifera; cnidaria; ctenophora; platyhelminthes; nematoda; annelida (include earthworm as a type); arthropoda; mollusca; echinodermata; hemichordata |
Animal diversity-II: Phylum-chordata |
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| General characters-classification up to classes-(brief account only with two or three examples) |
| Phylum: Chordata; sub phylum: Urochordata; sub phylum: Cephalochordata; sub phylum: Vertebrata; super class: Agnatha, class cyclostomata; super class: Gnathostomata, super class pisces, class: Chondricthyes, class: Osteichthyes, tetrapoda |
| Class: Amphibia (include frog as a type), class: Reptilia, class: Aves, class: Mammalia |
Locomotion and reproduction in protozoa |
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| Locomotion: Definition, types of locomotor structures pseudopodia (basic idea of pseudopodia without going into different types), flagella and cilia (brief account giving two examples each); flagellar and ciliary movement |
| Effective and recovery strokes in euglena, synchronal and metachronal movements in paramecium; reproduction: Definition, types |
| Asexual reproduction: Transverse binary fission in paramecium and longitudinal binary fission in euglena |
| Multiple fission, sexual reproduction |
Biology and human welfare |
|---|
| Parasitism and parasitic adaptation; health and disease: Introduction life cycle, pathogenecity, treatment and prevention (brief account only) 1. entamoeba histolytica 2. plasmodium vivax 3. ascaris lumbricoides 4. wuchereria bancrofti |
| Brief account of pathogenicity, treatment and prevention of typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, and ring worm; drugs and alcohol abuse |
Type study of periplaneta Americana |
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| Habitat and habits; external features; locomotion; digestive system; respiratory system; circulatory system; excretory system; nervous system-sense organs, structure of ommatidium; reproductive system |
Ecology and environment |
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| Organisms and environment: Ecology, population, communities, habitat, niche, biome and ecosphere (definitions only), ecosystem: Elementary aspects only, abiotic factors-light, temperature and water (biological effects only), ecological adaptations |
| Population interactions; ecosystems: Types, components, lake ecosystem; food chains, food web, productivity, and energy flow in ecosystem, ecological pyramids-pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy |
| Nutritient cycling-carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles (brief account); population attributes: Growth, natality, and mortality, age distribution, population regulation; environmental issues |
Human anatomy and physiology-I |
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| Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; peristalsis, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, egestion, calorific value of proteins |
| Digestion and absorption: Carbohydrates and fats, nutritional disorders: Protein energy malnutrion (PEM), disorders of digestive system, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea, kwashiorkor |
| Breathing and respiration: Respiratory organs in animals; respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiratory movements, respiratory volumes |
| Breathing and respiration: Respiratory disorders-asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, pneumonia, occupational respiratory disorders-asbestosis, silicosis, siderosis, black lung disease in coal miners |
Human anatomy and physiology-II |
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| Body fluids and circulation: Clotting of blood; human circulatory system-structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity, disorders of circulatory system: Hypertension |
| Body fluids and circulation: Disorders system-coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure |
| Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion-ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism, human excretory system-structure of kidney and nephron; urine formation, osmoregulation, regulation of kidney function, renin, angiotensin |
| Excretory products and their elimination: Aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH, and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders: Uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis, dialysis using artificial kidney |
Human anatomy and physiology-III |
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| Muscular and skeletal system: Skeletal muscle-ultra structure; contractile proteins and contraction, skeletal system and its functions; joints |
| Muscular and skeletal system: Disorders of the muscular and skeletal system-myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, regormortis |
| Neural control and coordination: Nervous system in human beings, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; sensory perception; sense organs |
| Neural control and coordination: Brief description of other receptors; elementary structure and functioning of eye and ear |
Human anatomy and physiology-IV |
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| Endocrine system and chemical coordination-endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system-hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action, role of hormones as messengers and regulators |
| Hypo and hyper activity and related disorders: Common disorders-dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome |
| Immune system: Basic concepts of immunology-types of immunity, innate immunity, acquired immunity, active and passive immunity, cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity, HIV and AIDS |
Human reproduction |
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| Human reproductive system: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis, spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilization, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation |
| Human Reproductive System: Pregnancy, placenta formation, parturition, lactation |
| Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); birth control-need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis |
| Reproductive Health: infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF-ET, ZIFT, GIFT |
Genetics |
|---|
| Heredity and variation |
| Mendel's laws of inheritance with reference to Drosophila (Drosophila melanogaster-grey, black body colour; long, vestigial wings), pleiotropy; multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups and Rh-factor; codominance (blood groups as example) |
| Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; skin colour in humans, sex-determination-in humans, birds, fumea, genic balance theory of sex determination, haplodiploidy in honey bees; sex linked inheritance-haemophilia and colorblindness |
| Mendelian disorders in humans-thalassemia, haemophilia, sickle cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria; chromosomal disorders-Down syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Kleinfilter syndrome; genome, human genome project and DNA finger printing |
Organic evolution |
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| Origin of life, biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (palaeontological, comparative anatomical, embryological, and molecular evidences) |
| Theories of evolution: Lamarckism (in brief), Darwin's theory of evolution-natural selection with example (Kettlewell's experiments on biston betularia), mutation theory of Hugo De Vries |
| Modern synthetic theory of evolution-Hardy Weinberg law, evolutionary forces; types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; variations (mutations and genetic recombination) |
| Adaptive radiation-viz, Darwin's finches and adaptive radiation in marsupials human evolution; speciation-allopatric, sympatric |
Applied biology |
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| Apiculture, animal husbandry, pisciculture, poultry management, dairy management, animal breeding, biomedical technology, diagnostic imaging (X-ray, CT-scan, MRI), ECG, EEG, application of biotechnology in health, human insulin and vaccine production |
| Gene therapy; transgenic animals; ELISA; vaccines, MABs, cancer biology, stem cells |
Physical world |
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| Scope and excitement of physics, physics, technology, and society, fundamental forces in nature, gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, towards unification of forces, nature of physical laws |
Units and measurements |
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| Introduction, the international system of units, measurement of length, measurement of large distances, estimation of very small distances, size of a molecule, range of lengths, measurement of mass, range of masses, measurement of time, accuracy |
| Precision of instruments and errors in measurement, systematic errors, random errors, least count error, absolute error, relative error and percentage error, combination of errors, significant figures |
| Rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures, rounding off the uncertain digits, rules for determining the uncertainty in the results of arithmetic calculations, dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional formulae and dimensional equations |
| Dimensional analysis and its applications, checking the dimensional consistency of equations, deducing relation among the physical quantities |
Motion in a straight line |
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| Position, path length and displacement, average velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity |
Motion in a plane |
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| Introduction, scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors-graphical method, resolution of vectors, vector addition-analytical method |
| Motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height |
| Maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular motion |
Laws of motion |
|---|
| Introduction, Aristotle's fallacy, the law of inertia, Newton's first law of motion, Newton's second law of motion, momentum, impulse, Newton's third law of motion, conservation of momentum, equilibrium of a particle, common forces in mechanics, friction |
| Types of friction, static, kinetic and rolling frictions, circular motion, motion of a car on a level road, motion of a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics |
Work, energy, and power |
|---|
| Introduction, the scalar product, notions of work and kinetic energy, the work-energy theorem, work, kinetic energy, work done by a variable force, the work-energy theorem for a variable force, the concept of potential energy |
| The conservation of mechanical energy, the potential energy of a spring, various forms of energy, heat, chemical energy, electrical energy, the equivalence of mass and energy, nuclear energy, the principle of conservation of energy, power, collisions |
| Elastic and inelastic collisions, collisions in one dimension, coefficient of restitution and its determination, collisions in two dimensions |
Systems of particles and rotational motion |
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| Introduction, rigid body motion, centre of mass, centre of gravity, motion of centre of mass, linear momentum of a system of particles, vector product of two vectors, angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity, angular acceleration |
| Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, moment of force (torque), angular momentum of particle, torque and angular momentum for a system of a particles, conservation of angular momentum, equilibrium of a rigid body, principle of moments |
| Moment of inertia, theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes, dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, angular momentum in case of rotation about a fixed axis, rolling motion, kinetic energy of rolling motion |
Oscillations |
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| Introduction, periodic and oscillatory motions, period and frequency, displacement, simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion |
| Force law for simple harmonic motion, energy in simple harmonic motion, some systems executing simple harmonic motion, oscillations due to a spring, the simple pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion, forced oscillations and resonance |
Gravitation |
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| Introduction, Kepler's laws, universal law of gravitation, central forces, the gravitational constant, acceleration due to gravity of the earth, acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth, gravitational potential energy, escape speed |
| Orbital speed, earth satellites, energy of an orbiting satellite, geostationary and polar satellites, weightlessness |
Mechanical properties of solids |
|---|
| Introduction, elastic behaviour of solids, stress and strain, Hooke's law, stress-strain curve, elastic moduli, Young's modulus, determination of Young's modulus of the material of a wire, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Poisson’s Ratio |
| Elastic potential energy in a stretched wire, applications of elastic behaviour of materials |
Mechanical properties of fluids |
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| Introduction, pressure, Pascal's law, variation of pressure with depth, atmospheric pressure and gauge pressure, hydraulic machines, Archimedes' principle, streamline flow, Bernoulli's principle, speed of efflux, Torricelli's Law, Venturi-meter |
| Blood flow and heart attack, dynamic lift, viscosity, variation of viscosity of fluids with temperature, Stokes' law, Reynolds number, critical velocity, surface tension and surface energy, angle of contact, drops and bubbles, capillary rise |
| Detergents and surface tension |
Thermal properties of matter |
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| Introduction, temperature and heat, measurement of temperature, ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, change of state, triple point, regelation, latent heat, heat transfer, conduction |
| Convection, radiation, black body radiation, greenhouse effect, Newton's law of cooling and its experimental verification |
Thermodynamics |
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| Introduction, thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat, internal energy and work, first law of thermodynamics, specific heat capacity, specific heat capacity of water, thermodynamic state variables and equation of state |
| Thermodynamic processes, quasistatic process, isothermal process, adiabatic process, isochoric process, isobaric process, cyclic process, heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps, second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes |
| Carnot engine, Carnot's theorem |
Kinetic theory |
|---|
| Introduction, molecular nature of matter, behaviour of gases, Boyle's law, Charles' law, kinetic theory of an ideal gas, pressure of an ideal gas, kinetic interpretation of temperature, law of equipartition of energy, specific heat capacity |
| Monatomic gases, diatomic gases, polyatomic gases, specific heat capacity of solids, specific heat capacity of water, mean free path |
Waves |
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| Introduction, transverse and longitudinal waves, displacement relation in a progressive wave, amplitude and phase, wavelength, and angular wave number, period, angular frequency and frequency, the speed of a travelling wave |
| Speed of a transverse wave on stretched string, speed of a longitudinal wave (speed of sound), the principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves and normal modes, beats |
| Doppler effect: Source moving and observer stationary, observer moving and source stationary, both source and observer moving |
Ray optics and optical instruments |
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| Introduction, reflection of light by spherical mirrors, sign convention, focal length of spherical mirrors, the mirror equation, refraction, total internal reflection, total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications |
| Refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through a prism, dispersion by a prism, some natural phenomena due to sunlight, the rainbow, scattering of light, optical instruments |
| The eye, the simple and compound microscopes, refracting telescope and Cassegrain reflecting telescope |
Wave optics |
|---|
| Introduction, Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle, refraction in a rarer medium (at the denser medium boundary), reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface, the Doppler effect |
| Coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young's experiment, diffraction, the single slit diffraction, resolving power of optical instruments, the validity of ray optics, polarisation, polarisation by scattering |
| Polarisation by reflection |
Electric charges and fields |
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| Introduction, electric charge, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic properties of electric charges, additivity of charges, conservation of charge, quantization of charge, Coulomb's law, forces between multiple charges, electric field |
| Electric field due to a system of charges, physical significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole, the field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line and on the equatorial plane |
| Physical significance of dipoles, dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss's law, applications of Gauss's law, field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire |
| Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, field due to uniformly charged thin spherical shell |
Electrostatic potential and capacitance |
|---|
| Introduction, electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, relation between field and potential, potential energy of a system of charges |
| Potential energy in an external field, potential energy of a single charge, potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field, potential energy of a dipole in an external field, electrostatics of conductors, electrostatic shielding |
| Dielectrics and polarisation, electric displacement, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor, effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, capacitors in series, capacitors in parallel, energy stored in a capacitor |
| Van De Graaff generator |
Current electricity |
|---|
| Introduction, electric current, electric current in conductors, Ohm's law, drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, mobility, limitations of Ohm's law, resistivity of various materials, colour code of resistors |
| Temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power, combination of resistors-series and parallel |
| Cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's rules, Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge, potentiometer |
Moving charges and magnetism |
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| Introduction, magnetic force, sources and fields, magnetic field, Lorentz force, magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, motion in a magnetic field, helical motion of charged particles, motion in combined electric and magnetic fields |
| Velocity selector, cyclotron, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot-Savart's law, magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop, Ampere's circuital law, the solenoid and the toroid, force between two parallel current carrying conductors |
| The ampere (unit), torque on current loop, magneticdipole, torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole, the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, the moving coil galvanometer |
| Conversion into ammeter and voltmeter |
Magnetism and matter |
|---|
| Introduction, the bar magnet, the magnetic field lines, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, the dipole in a uniform magnetic field, the electrostatic analog, magnetism and Gauss's law, the earth's magnetism, magnetic declination and dip |
| Magnetisation and magnetic intensity, susceptibility, magnetic properties of materials; diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, hysteresis loop, permanent magnets and electromagnets |
Electromagnetic induction |
|---|
| Introduction, the experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday's law of induction, Lenz's law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive force, energy consideration-a quantitative study, Eddy currents, inductance, mutual inductance |
| Self inductance, AC generator |
Alternating current |
|---|
| Introduction, AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors-phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit |
| Phasor-diagram solution, analytical solution, resonance, sharpness of resonance, power in AC circuit, the power factor, LC oscillations, transformers |
Electromagnetic waves |
|---|
| Introduction, displacement current, Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, sources of electromagnetic waves, nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays |
| Electromagnetic spectrum: Gamma rays |
Dual nature of radiation and matter |
|---|
| Introduction, electron emission, photoelectric Effect, Hertz's observations, Hallwachs and Lenard's observations, experimental study of photoelectric effect, effect of intensity of light on photocurrent, effect of potential on photoelectric current |
| Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential, photoelectric effect and wave theory of light, Einstein's photoelectric equation, energy quantum of radiation, particle nature of light, the photon, wave nature of matter, photocell |
| Davisson and germer experiment |
Atoms |
|---|
| Introduction, alpha particle scattering and Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, alpha particle trajectory, electron orbits, atomic spectra, spectral series, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, energy levels, Franck-Hertz experiment |
| The line spectra of the hydrogen atom, De Broglie's explanation of Bohr's second postulate of quantization, laser light |
Nuclei |
|---|
| Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, discovery of neutron, size of the nucleus, mass-energy and nuclear binding energy, nuclear force, radioactivity, law of radioactive decay, alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, nuclear energy, fission |
| Nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, energy generation in stars, controlled thermonuclear fusion |
Semiconductors electronics: Materials, devices, and simple circuits |
|---|
| Introduction, classification of metals, conductors, and semiconductors on the basis of conductivity and energy bands, band theory of solids, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, p-type semiconductor, n-type semiconductor |
| p-n junction formation, semiconductor diode, p-n junction diode under forward bias, p-n junction diode under reverse bias, application of junction diode as a rectifier, special purpose p-n junction diodes, Zener diode, Zener diode as voltage regulator |
| Optoelectronic junction devices, photodiode, light emitting diode, solar cell |
| Junction transistor, structure and action, basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor characteristics, transistor as a switch and as an amplifier (CE-configuration), feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator |
| Digital electronics and logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND, and NOR gates, integrated circuits |
Communication systems |
|---|
| Introduction, elements of a communication system, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, ground waves, sky waves, space wave |
| Modulation and its necessity, size of the antenna or aerial, effective power radiated by an antenna, mixing up of signals from different transmitters, amplitude modulation, production of amplitude modulated wave, detection of amplitude modulated wave |
Atomic structure |
|---|
| Sub-atomic particles; atomic models-Thomson's model; Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, developments to the Bohr's model of atom; nature of electromagnetic radiation; particle nature of electromagnetic radiation-Planck's quantum theory |
| Bohr's model for hydrogen atom; explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen; limitations of Bohr's model; quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic particles; dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle |
| Quantum mechanical model of an atom |
| Important features of quantum mechanical model of atom; orbitals and quantum numbers; shapes of atomic orbitals; energies of orbitals; filling of orbitals in atoms |
| Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity; electronic configurations of atoms; stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals |
Classification of elements and periodicity in properties |
|---|
| Need to classify elements; genesis of periodic classification; modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table; nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100, electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table |
| Electronic configuration and types of elements s, p, d, and f blocks; trends in physical properties: (a) Atomic radius, (b) ionic radius (c) variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) ionization enthalpy, (e) electron gain enthalpy |
| Trends in physical properties: (f) Electro negativity; periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Valence or oxidation states, (b) anomalous properties of second period elements-diagonal relationship; periodic trends and chemical reactivity |
Chemical bonding and molecular structure |
|---|
| Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding, octet rule, representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of octet rule; ionic or electrovalent bond-factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds |
| Crystal structure of sodium chloride, general properties of ionic compounds; bond parameters-bond length, bond angle, bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance polarity of bonds dipole moment-Fajan rules; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory |
| Predicting the geometry of simple molecules; valence bond theory, orbital overlap concept, directional properties of bonds, overlapping of atomic orbitals, types of overlapping, and nature of covalent bonds, strength of sigma and pi bonds |
| Factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds; hybridisation-different types of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals, shapes of simple covalent molecules; coordinate bond-definition with examples; molecular orbital theory |
| Formation of molecular orbitals, linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), conditions for combination of atomic orbitals, energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals, bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules-H2, He2, Li2, B2, C2, N2, and O2 |
| Hydrogen bonding-cause of formation of hydrogen bond, types of hydrogen bonds, inter and intra molecular, general properties of hydrogen bonds |
States of matter: gases and liquids |
|---|
| Intermolecular forces; thermal energy; intermolecular forces vs. thermal interactions; the gaseous state; the gas laws; ideal gas equation; Graham's law of diffusion-Dalton's law of partial pressures; kinetic molecular theory of gases |
| Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (no derivation) deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation; distribution of molecular speeds-rms, average and most probable speeds-kinetic energy of gas molecules; behaviour of real gases |
| Deviation from ideal gas behaviour, compressibility factor vs. pressure diagrams of real gases; liquefaction of gases; liquid state-properties of liquids in terms of inter molecular interactions, vapour pressure |
| Viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only. No mathematical derivation) |
Stoichiometry |
|---|
| Some basic concepts-properties of matter, uncertainty in measurement, significant figures, dimensional analysis; laws of chemical combinations, law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions |
| Gay Lussac's law of gaseous volumes, Dalton's atomic theory, Avogadro's law, examples; atomic and molecular masses-mole concept and molar mass |
| Concept of equivalent weight; percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds; stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations; limiting reagent |
| Methods of expressing concentrations of solutions-mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality; redox reactions-classical idea of redox reactions, oxidation, and reduction reactions-redox reactions in terms of electron transfer |
| Oxidation number concept; types of redox reactions-combination, decomposition, displacement, and disproportionation reactions; balancing of redox reactions-oxidation number method half reaction (ion-electron) method; redox reactions in titrimetry |
Thermodynamics |
|---|
| Thermodynamic terms; the system and the surroundings; types of systems and surroundings; the state of the system; the Internal energy as a state function |
| (a) Work (b) heat (c) the general case, the first law of thermodynamics; applications; work; enthalpy, H-a useful new state function; extensive and intensive properties; heat capacity; the relationship between Cp and Cv |
| RH of reactions-reaction enthalpy (a) calorimetry; enthalpy change, ∆U and ∆measurement of standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) enthalpy changes during phase transformations, (c) standard enthalpy of formation, (d) thermo chemical equations |
| RH of reactions-reaction enthalpy (e) Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies 0for for different types of reactions |
| (a) Standard enthalpy of combustion (∆cH0), (b) enthalpy of 0atomization (∆aH0), phase transition, sublimation and ionization, (c) bond enthalpy (∆bondH), (d) 0enthalpy of solution (∆solH) and dilution-lattice enthalpy; spontaneity |
| (a) Is decrease in enthalpy a criterion for spontaneity?, (b) entropy and spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs energy and spontaneity; Gibbs energy change and equilibrium; absolute entropy and the third law of thermodynamics |
Chemical equilibrium and acids-bases |
|---|
| Equilibrium in physical processes; equilibrium in chemical processes-dynamic equilibrium; law of chemical equilibrium-law of mass action and equilibrium constant; homogeneous equilibria, equilibrium constant in gaseous systems |
| Relationship between Kp and Kc; heterogeneous equilibria; applications of equilibrium constant; relationship between equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; factors affecting equilibria |
| Le-Chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis of ammonia and sulphur trioxide; ionic equilibrium in solutions; acids, bases, and salts-Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis concepts of acids and bases; ionisation of acids and bases |
| Ionisation constant of water and its ionic product, pH scale ionisation constants of weak acids, ionisation of weak bases, relation between Ka and Kb-Di and poly basic acids and di and poly acidic bases, factors affecting acid strength |
| Common ion effect in the ionization of acids and bases, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions; buffer solutions-designing of buffer solution, preparation of acidic buffer; solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts |
| Solubility product constant, common ion effect on solubility of ionic salts |
Hydrogen and its compound |
|---|
| Position of hydrogen in the periodic table; dihydrogen-occurance and isotopes; preparation and properties of dihydrogen; hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides; water: Physical properties; structure of water, ice |
| Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water, temporary and permanent hardness of water; hydrogen peroxide: Preparation; physical properties; structure and chemical properties; storage and uses; heavy water; hydrogen as a fuel |
S-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth metals) |
|---|
| Group 1 elements: Alkali metals; electronic configurations; atomic and ionic radii; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties; chemical properties; uses; general characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; halides |
| Group 1 elements: Salts of oxo acids; anomalous properties of lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, diagonal relationship; similarities between lithium and magnesium; some important compounds of sodium: Sodium carbonate |
| Group 1 elements: Sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide; sodium hydrogen carbonate; biological importance of sodium and potassium |
| Group 2 elements: Alkaline earth elements; electronic configuration; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties, chemical properties; uses |
| Group 2 elements: General characteristics of compounds of the alkaline earth metals-oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids (carbonates; sulphates and nitrates); anomalous behaviour of beryllium; its diagonal relationship with aluminium |
| Group 2 elements: Some important compounds of calcium-preparation and uses of calcium oxide; calcium hydroxide; calcium carbonate; plaster of Paris; cement; biological importance of calcium and magnesium |
p-block elements-group 13 (boron family) |
|---|
| General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of boron; some important compounds of boron-borax, ortho boric acid, diborane |
| Uses of boron, aluminium, and their compounds |
p-block elements-group 14 (carbon family) |
|---|
| General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; allotropes of carbon; uses of carbon |
| Some important compounds of carbon and silicon-carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, silica, silicones, silicates, and zeolites |
Environmental chemistry |
|---|
| Definition of terms: Air, water, and soil pollutions; environmental pollution; atmospheric pollution; tropospheric pollution; gaseous air pollutants (oxides of sulphur; oxides of nitrogen; hydrocarbons; oxides of carbon (CO, CO2)) |
| Global warming and green house effect; acid rain particulate pollutants-smog; stratospheric pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone-ozone hole, effects of depletion of the Ozone Layer; water pollution: Causes of water pollution |
| International standards for drinking water; soil pollution: Pesticides, industrial wastes; strategies to control environmental pollution-waste management, collection, and disposal; green chemistry: Green chemistry in day-to-day life |
| Dry cleaning of clothes; bleaching of paper; synthesis of chemicals |
Organic chemistry-some basic principles and techniques, and hydrocarbons |
|---|
| General introduction; tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of organic compounds; structural representations of organic compounds; classification of organic compounds; nomenclature of organic compounds; isomerism |
| Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; fission of covalent bond; nucleophiles and electrophiles; electron movements in organic reactions |
| Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: Inductive effect, resonance, resonance effect; electromeric effect, hyperconjugation; types of organic reactions; methods of purification of organic compounds |
| Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds; quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds |
Hydrocarbons |
|---|
| Classification of hydrocarbons; alkanes-nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only); preparation of alkanes; properties-physical properties and chemical reactivity |
| Alkanes-substitution reactions-halogenation (free radical mechanism), combustion, controlled oxidation, isomerisation, aromatization, reaction with steam, and pyrolysis; alkenes-nomenclature, structure of ethene, Isomerism (structural and geometrical) |
| Alkenes-methods of preparation; properties-physical and chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, hydrogen halides (mechanism-ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov's, anti Markovnikov's or Kharasch effect) |
| Alkenes-oxidation, ozonolysis, and polymerization; alkynes-nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene. Methods of preparation of acetylene; Physical properties, Chemical reactions-acidic character of acetylene |
| Alkynes-addition reactions-of hydrogen, halogen, hydrogen halides, and water. Polymerization |
| Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of benzene, resonance, and aromaticity; preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution |
| Aromatic hydrocarbons: Electrophilic substitution reactions-nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, and acylation; directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene, carcinogenicity, and toxicity |
Solid state |
|---|
| General characteristics of solid state; amorphous and crystalline solids; classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent solids); probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography |
| Crystal lattices and unit cells |
| Bravais lattices primitive and centred unit cells; number of atoms in a unit cell (primitive, body centred, and face centred cubic unit cell); close packed structures: Close packing in one dimension, in two dimensions and in three dimensions |
| Tetrahedral and octahedral voids, formula of a compound and number of voids filled, locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids; packing efficiency in simple cubic, bcc, and in hcp, ccp lattice |
| Calculations involving unit cell dimensions-density of the unit cell; imperfections in solids, types of point defects, stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects; electrical properties, conduction of electricity in metals |
| Semiconductors and insulators, band theory of metals; magnetic properties |
Solutions |
|---|
| Types of solutions; expressing concentration of solutions-mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity, and molality; Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid |
| Solubility: solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry's law; vapour pressure of liquid solutions: Vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions |
| Raoult's law as a special case of Henry’s law-vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties and determination of molar mass-relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point |
| Depression of freezing point, osmosis and osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis and water purification; abnorma molar masses, Van't Hoff factor |
Electrochemistry and chemical kinetics |
|---|
| Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells; galvanic cells: Measurement of electrode potentials; Nernst equation-equilibrium constant from Nernst equation, electro chemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell reaction; conductance of electrolytic solutions |
| Electrochemistry: Measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions, variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration, strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes, applications of Kohlrausch's law |
| Electrochemistry: Electrolytic cells and electrolysis-Faraday’s laws of electrolysis products of electrolysis; batteries: Primary batteries and secondary batteries; fuel cells; corrosion of metals-hydrogen economy |
| Chemical kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction; factors influencing rate of a reaction: Dependence of rate on concentration-rate expression and rate constant-order of a reaction, molecularity of a reaction; integrated rate equations |
| Chemical kinetics: Zero order reactions, first order reactions, half life of a reaction; pseudo first order reaction; temperature dependence of the rate of a reaction-effect of catalyst; collision theory of chemical reaction rates |
Surface chemistry |
|---|
| Adsorption: Distinction between adsorption and absorption, mechanism of adsorption, types of adsorption, characteristics of physisorption, characteristics of chemisorptions, adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solution phase, applications of adsorption |
| Catalysis: Catalysts, promoters, and poisons, auto catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis |
| Catalysis: Important features of solid catalysts-(a) activity (b) selectivity, shape, selective catalysis by zeolites, enzyme catalysis, characteristics and mechanism, catalysts in industry |
| Colloids: Classification of colloids-classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium, classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium |
| Colloids: Classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase, multi molecular, macromolecular, and associated colloids, cleansing action of soaps, preparation of colloids, purification of colloidal solutions |
| Colloids: Properties of colloidal solutions-colligative properties, Tyndal effect, colour, Brownian movement, charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis; coagulation, precipitation methods, coagulation of lyophilic sols and protection of colloids |
| Colloids: Emulsions; colloids around us, application of colloids |
General principles of metallurgy |
|---|
| Occurrence of metals; concentration of ores-levigation, magnetic separation, froth floatation, leaching; extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal; thermodynamic principles of metallurgy |
| Ellingham diagram, limitations, applications, extraction of iron, copper, and zinc from their oxides; electrochemical principles of metallurgy; oxidation and reduction |
| Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation poling, electrolytic refining, zone refining and vapour phase refining; uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron |
P-block elements |
|---|
| Group-15 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dinitrogen preparation, properties, and uses |
| Group-15 elements: Compounds of nitrogen-preparation and properties of ammonia; oxides of nitrogen; preparation and properties of nitric acid; phosphorous allotropic forms; phosphine-preparation, properties, and uses; phosphorous halides |
| Group 15 elements: Oxoacids of phosphorous |
| Group-16 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dioxygen-preparation, properties, and uses; simple oxides |
| Group-16 elements: Ozone-preparation, properties, structure, and uses; sulphur-allotropic forms; sulphur dioxide-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of sulphur; sulphuric acid-manufacture, properties, and uses |
| Group-17 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; chlorine-preparation, properties, and uses |
| Group-17 elements: Hydrogen chloride-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of halogens; interhalogen compounds-preparation, properties, and uses |
| Group-18 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionization enthalpy, atomic radii, electron gain enthalpy, physical and chemical properties (a) xenon-fluorine compounds-XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6 |
| Group-18 elements: Preparation, hydrolysis, and formation of fluoro anions-structures of XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6 (b) xenon-oxygen compounds XeO3 and XeOF4-their formation and structures, uses of noble gases |
D and f block elements and coordination compounds |
|---|
| d and f block elements: Position in the periodic table; electronic configuration of the d block elements; general properties of the transition elements (d-block)-physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series |
| d and f block elements: Ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M²+/M and M³+/M²+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states, chemical reactivity and Eθ values, magnetic properties |
| d and f block elements: Formation of coloured ions, formation of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation; some important compounds of transition elements-oxides and oxoanions of metals |
| d and f block elements: Preparation and properties of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures of chromate, dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions; inner transition elements (f-block)-lanthanoids, electronic configuration |
| d and f block elements: Atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics; actinoids-electronic configuration atomic, and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics, and comparison with lanthanoids |
| d and f block elements: Some applications of d and f block elements |
| Coordination compounds: Werner's theory of coordination compounds; definitions of some terms used in coordination compounds; nomenclature of coordination compounds-IUPAC nomenclature |
| Coordination compounds: Isomerism in coordination compounds-(a) stereo isomerism-geometrical and optical isomerism, (b) structural isomerism-linkage, coordination, ionisation and hydrate isomerism; bonding in coordination compounds |
| Coordination compounds: (a) Valence bond theory-magnetic properties of coordination compounds, limitations of valence bond theory, (b) crystal field theory-(i) crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities |
| Coordination compounds: (b) Crystal field theory-(ii) colour in coordination compounds-limitations of crystal field theory; bonding in metal carbonyls; stability of coordination compounds; importance and applications of coordination compounds |
Polymers |
|---|
| Classification of polymers, classification based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization; types of polymerization reactions, addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization |
| Ionic polymerization, free radical mechanism, preparation of addition polymers, polythene, teflon and polyacrylonitrile, condensation polymerization or step growth polymerization, polyamides, preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6-polyesters, terylene |
| Bakelite, melamine, formaldehyde polymers; copolymerization-rubber, natural rubber, vulcanisation of rubber, synthetic rubbers, preparation of neoprene, and buna-N; molecular mass of polymers |
| Number average and weight average molecular masses, poly dispersity index (PDI); biodegradable polymers-PHBV, Nylon 2-Nylon 6; polymers of commercial importance-polypropene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), urea-formaldehyde resin |
| Glyptal and bakelite-their monomers, structures, and uses |
Biomolecules |
|---|
| Carbohydrates: Classification of carbohydrates, monosaccharides: Preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch-properties and structure of glucose, D,L configurations and (+), (-) notations of glucose, structure of fructose |
| Carbohydrates: Disaccharides-sucrose-preparation, structure; invert sugar-structures of maltose and lactose-polysaccharides: Structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen, importance of carbohydrates |
| Proteins: Amino acids-natural amino acids, classification of aminoacids, structures and D and L forms, Zwitter ions |
| Proteins: Structures, classification, fibrous, and globular-primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structures of proteins, denaturation of proteins |
| Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action |
| Vitamins: Explanation, names, classification of vitamins, sources of vitamins, deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins |
| Nucleic acids: Chemical composition of nucleic acids, structures of nucleic acids, DNA finger printing, biological functions of nucleic acids |
| Hormones: Definition, different types of hormones, their production, biological activity, diseases due to their abnormal activities |
Chemistry in everyday life |
|---|
| Drugs and their classification: (a) Classification of drugs on the basis of pharmacological effect, (b) classification of drugs on the basis of drug action, (c) classification of drugs on the basis of chemical structure |
| Drugs and their classification: (d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular targets; drug-target interaction, enzymes as drug targets (a) catalytic action of enzymes, (b) drug-enzyme interaction, receptors as drug targets |
| Drugs and their classification: Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs-antacids, antihistamines, neurologically active drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics-non-narcotic, narcotic analgesics, antimicrobials-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants |
| Drugs and their classification: Antifertility drugs; chemicals in food-artificial sweetening agents, food preservatives, antioxidants in food; cleansing agents-soaps and synthetic detergents-types and examples |
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes |
|---|
| Classification and nomenclature; nature of CX bond; methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and aryl halides from alcohols, from hydrocarbons, (a) by free radical halogenation, (b) by electrophilic substitution |
| Methods of preparation: (c) By replacement of diazonium group (Sandmeyer reaction), (d) by the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by halogen exchange reactions; physical properties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility |
| Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (i) nucleophilic substitution reactions-(a) SN² mechanism, (b) SN¹ mechanism, (c) stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions-optical activity, (ii) Elimination reactions |
| Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (iii) reaction with metals-reactions of haloarenes: (i) Nucleophilic substitution, (ii) electrophilic substitution and, (iii) reaction with metals |
| Polyhalogen compounds: Uses and environmental effects of dichloro methane, trichloromethane, triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane, freons and DDT |
Organic compounds containing C, H, and O (alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids) |
|---|
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Classification; nomenclature: (a) Alcohols, (b) phenols and, (c) ethers; structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups |
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Methods of preparation-alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds, from Grignard reagents; phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, cumene; physical properties of alcohols and phenols |
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (i) reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity of alcohols and phenols, esterification, (ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond-reactions with HX, PX3 |
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Dehydration and oxidation (iii) reactions of phenols-electrophilic aromatic substitution, Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, reaction with zinc dust, oxidation; commercially important alcohols (methanol, ethanol) |
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Ethers-methods of preparation: By dehydration of alcohols, Williamson synthesis-physical properties, chemical reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers (anisole) |
| Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group; preparation of aldehydes and ketones-(1) by oxidation of alcohols, (2) by dehydrogenation of alcohols, (3) from hydrocarbons |
| Aldehydes and ketones: Preparation of aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles and esters, (3) from hydrocarbons, preparation of ketones-(1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles, (3) from benzene or substituted benzenes |
| Aldehydes and ketones: Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones; chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones-nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation |
| Aldehydes and ketones: Reactions due to alpha hydrogen and other reactions (Cannizzaro reaction, electrophilic substitution reaction); uses of aldehydes and ketones |
| Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature and structure of carboxyl group; methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (1) from primary alcohols and aldehydes, (2) from alkyl benzenes, (3) from nitriles and amides, (4) from Grignard reagents |
| Carboxylic acids: Methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (5) from acyl halides and anhydrides, (6) from esters; physical properties; chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity, reactions with metals and alkalies |
| Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond-formation of anhydride, reactions with PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia, (iii) reactions involving-COOH group-reduction, decarboxylation |
| Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(iv) substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part-halogenation and ring substitution; uses of carboxylic acids |
Organic compounds containing nitrogen |
|---|
| Amines: Structure of amines; classification; nomenclature; preparation of amines: Reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides |
| Amines: Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; physical properties; chemical reactions: Basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid |
| Amines: Reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines(anilines)-bromination, nitration, and sulphonation |
| Diazonium salts: Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization) physical properties; chemical reactions: Reactions involving displacement of nitrogen; Sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman reaction, replacement by i) iodiode, and fluoride ions |
| Diazonium salts: Replacement by ii) hydrogen, hydroxyl and nitro groups; reactions involving retention of diazo group; coupling reactions; importance of diazonium salts in synthesis of aromatic compounds |
| Cyanides and isocyanides: Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides; preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions of cyanides, and isocyanides |
Diversity in the living world |
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| The living world: What is living? diversity in the living world; taxonomic categories and taxonomical aids |
| Biological classification: Five kingdom classification-monera, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia, three domains of life (six kingdom classification), viruses, viroids, prions, and lichens |
| Science of plants-botany: Origin, development, scope of botany, and branches of botany |
| Plant kingdom: Salient features, classification and alternation of generations of the plants of the following groups-algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms |
Structural organisation in plants-morphology |
|---|
| Morphology of flowering plants: Vegetative-parts of a typical angiospermic plant; vegetative morphology and modifications-root, stem, and leaf-types; venation, phyllotaxy |
| Morphology of flowering plants: Reproductive-inflorescence-racemose, cymose, and special types (in brief) |
| Morphology of flowering plants: Flower-parts of a flower and their detailed description; aestivation, placentation |
| Morphology of flowering plants: Fruits-types-true, false, and parthenocarpic fruits |
Reproduction in plants |
|---|
| Modes of reproduction: A sexual reproduction, binary fission, sporulation, budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation in plants, sexual reproduction-in brief, overview of angiosperm life cycle |
| Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Stamen, microsporangium, pollen grain. Pistil, megasporangium (ovule), and embryo sac; development of male and female gametophytes. Pollination-types, agents, out breeding devices and pollen-pistil interaction |
| Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Double fertilization; post fertilisation events: Development of endosperm and embryo; development of seed, structure of dicotyledons and monocotyledons seeds, significance of fruit and seed |
| Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony |
Plant systematics |
|---|
| Taxonomy of angiosperms: Introduction. Types of systems of classification (in brief). Semi-technical description of a typical flowering plant. Description of families: Fabaceae, solanaceae, and liliaceae |
Cell structure and function |
|---|
| Cell-the unit of life: Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life, overview of the cell. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, ultra structure of plant cell (structure in detail and functions in brief), cell membrane, cell wall |
| Cell-the unit of life: Cell organelles-endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, golgi bodies, vacuoles, lysosomes, microbodies, centrosome and centriole, cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton and nucleus |
| Cell-the unit of life: Chromosomes-number, structural organization; nucleosome |
| Biomolecules: Structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids |
| Cell cycle and cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis-significance |
Internal organisation of plants |
|---|
| Histology and anatomy of flowering plants: Tissues-types, structure, and functions: Meristematic; permanent tissues-simple and complex tissues. Tissue systems-types, structure, and function: Epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems |
| Histology and anatomy of flowering plants: Anatomy of dicotyledons and monocotyledons plants-root, stem and leaf. Secondary growth in dicot stem and dicot root |
Plant Ecology |
|---|
| Ecological adaptations, succession, and ecological services: Introduction. Plant communities and ecological adaptations: Hydrophytes, mesophytes, and xerophytes. Plant succession |
| Ecological adaptations, succession, and ecological services: Ecological services-carbon fixation, oxygen release and pollination (in brief) |
Plant physiology |
|---|
| Transport in plants: Means of transport-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, passive symports, and antiports, active transport, comparison of different transport processes, plant-water relations-water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis, imbibition |
| Transport in plants: Long distance transport of water-water movement up a plant, root pressure, transpiration pull, transpiration-opening and closing of stomata, transpiration and photosynthesis-a compromise, uptake and transport of mineral nutrients |
| Transport in plants: Uptake of mineral ions, translocation of mineral ions, phloem transport: Flow from source to sink-the pressure flow or mass flow hypothesis |
| Mineral nutrition: Methods to study the mineral requirements of plants, essential mineral elements-criteria for essentiality, macronutrients, micronutrients, role of macro-and micronutrients, deficiency symptoms of essential elements |
| Mineral nutrition: Toxicity of micronutrients, mechanism of absorption of elements, translocation of solutes, soil as reservoir of essential elements, metabolism of nitrogen-nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation |
| Mineral nutrition: Nodule formation |
| Enzymes: Chemical reactions, enzymatic conversions, nature of enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme activity, temperature and pH, concentration of substrate, classification and nomenclature of enzymes, cofactors |
| Photosynthesis in higher plants: Early experiments, site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis, light reaction, the electron transport-splitting of water, cyclic and non-cyclic photo phosphorylation, chemiosmotic hypothesis |
| Photosynthesis in higher plants: Biosynthetic phase-the primary acceptor of CO2, the Calvin cycle, the C4 pathway, photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis |
| Respiration of plants: Cellular respiration, glycolysis, fermentation, aerobic respiration-tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport system (ETS), and oxidative phosphorylation, the respiratory balance sheet, amphibolic pathway, respiratory quotient |
| Plant growth and development: Growth-plant growth, phases of growth, growth rates, conditions for growth, differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, development, plant growth regulators-discovery |
| Plant growth and development: Physiological effects of plant growth regulators, auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, seed dormancy, photoperiodism, vernalisation |
Microbiology |
|---|
| Bacteria: Morphology of bacteria, bacterial cell structure-nutrition, reproduction-sexual reproduction, conjugation, transformation, transduction, the importance of bacteria to humans |
| Viruses: Discovery, classification of viruses, structure of viruses, multiplication of bacteriophages-the lytic cycle, the lysogenic cycle, viral diseases in plants, viral diseases in humans |
Genetics |
|---|
| Principles of inheritance and variation: Mendel's experiments, inheritance of one gene (monohybrid cross)-back cross and test cross, law of dominance, law of segregation or law of purity of gametes, deviations from Mendelian concept of dominance |
| Principles of inheritance and variation: Incomplete dominance, codominance, explanation of the concept of dominance, inheritance of two genes-law of independent assortment, chromosomal theory of inheritance, linkage and recombination, mutations |
| Principles of inheritance and variation: Significance of mutations |
Molecular biology |
|---|
| Molecular basis of inheritance: The DNA-structure of polynucleotide chain, packaging of DNA helix, the search for genetic material, transforming principle, biochemical characterisation of transforming principle, the genetic material is DNA |
| Molecular basis of inheritance: Properties of genetic material (DNA versus RNA), RNA world, replication-the experimental proof, the machinery and the enzymes, transcription-transcription unit, transcription unit and the gene |
| Molecular basis of inheritance: Types of RNA and the process of transcription, genetic code-mutations and genetic code, tRNA-the adapter molecule, translation, regulation of gene expression-the lac operon |
Biotechnology |
|---|
| Principles and processes of biotechnology: Principles of biotechnology, construction of the first artificial recombinant DNA molecule, tools of recombinant DNA technology-restriction enzymes, cloning vectors |
| Principles and processes of biotechnology: Competent host (for transformation with recombinant DNA), processes of recombinant DNA technology, isolation of the genetic material (DNA), cutting of DNA at specific locations |
| Principles and processes of biotechnology: Separation and isolation of DNA fragments, insertion of isolated gene into a suitable vector, amplification of gene of interest using PCR, insertion of recombinant DNA into the host, cell/ organism |
| Principles and processes of biotechnology: Selection of transformed host cells, obtaining the foreign gene product, downstream processing |
| Biotechnology and its applications: Biotechnological applications in agriculture-BT cotton, pest resistant plants, other applications of biotechnology-insulin, gene therapy, molecular diagnosis, ELISA, DNA fingerprinting |
| Biotechnology and its applications: Biosafety and ethical issues, biopiracy |
Plants, microbes, and human welfare |
|---|
| Strategies for enhancement in food production: Plant breeding-what is plant breeding?, wheat and rice, sugarcane, millets, plant breeding for disease resistance, methods of breeding for disease resistance, mutation |
| Strategies for enhancement in food production: Plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pests, plant breeding for improved food quality, single cell protein (SCP), tissue culture |
| Microbes in human welfare: Microbes in household products, microbes in industrial products-fermented beverages, antibiotics, chemicals, enzymes and other bioactive molecules, microbes in sewage treatment, primary treatment |
| Microbes in human welfare: Secondary treatment or biological treatment, microbes in production of biogas, microbes as biocontrol agents, biological control of pests and diseases, microbes as biofertilisers, challenges posed by microbes |
Zoology-diversity of living world |
|---|
| What is life?; nature, scope, and meaning of zoology; branches of zoology; need for classification, zoos as tools for study of taxonomy; basic principles of classification: Biological system of classification-(phylogenetic classification only) |
| Levels or hierarchy of classification; nomenclature-Bi and trinomial; species concept; kingdom animalia; biodiversity-meaning and distribution, genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity (alpha, beta, and gama) |
| Other attributes of biodiversity, role of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, methods of conservation, IUCN red data books, conservation of wild life in India-legislation, preservation, organisations, threatened species |
Structural organization in animals |
|---|
| Levels of organization, multicellularity: Diploblastic and triploblastic conditions; asymmetry, symmetry: Radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry (brief account giving one example for each type from the representative phyla), acoelomates |
| Pseudocoelomates and eucoelomates: Schizo and entero coelomates (brief account of formation of coelom); tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues |
Animal diversity-I: Invertebrate phyla |
|---|
| General characters-classification up to classes with two or three examples-(brief account only) |
| Porifera; cnidaria; ctenophora; platyhelminthes; nematoda; annelida (include earthworm as a type); arthropoda; mollusca; echinodermata; hemichordata |
Animal diversity-II: Phylum-chordata |
|---|
| General characters-classification up to classes-(brief account only with two or three examples) |
| Phylum: Chordata; sub phylum: Urochordata; sub phylum: Cephalochordata; sub phylum: Vertebrata; super class: Agnatha, class cyclostomata; super class: Gnathostomata, super class pisces, class: Chondricthyes, class: Osteichthyes, tetrapoda |
| Class: Amphibia (include frog as a type), class: Reptilia, class: Aves, class: Mammalia |
Locomotion and reproduction in protozoa |
|---|
| Locomotion: Definition, types of locomotor structures pseudopodia (basic idea of pseudopodia without going into different types), flagella and cilia (brief account giving two examples each); flagellar and ciliary movement |
| Effective and recovery strokes in euglena, synchronal and metachronal movements in paramecium; reproduction: Definition, types |
| Asexual reproduction: Transverse binary fission in paramecium and longitudinal binary fission in euglena |
| Multiple fission, sexual reproduction |
Biology and human welfare |
|---|
| Parasitism and parasitic adaptation; health and disease: Introduction life cycle, pathogenecity, treatment and prevention (brief account only) 1. entamoeba histolytica 2. plasmodium vivax 3. ascaris lumbricoides 4. wuchereria bancrofti |
| Brief account of pathogenicity, treatment and prevention of typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, and ring worm; drugs and alcohol abuse |
Type study of periplaneta Americana |
|---|
| Habitat and habits; external features; locomotion; digestive system; respiratory system; circulatory system; excretory system; nervous system-sense organs, structure of ommatidium; reproductive system |
Ecology and environment |
|---|
| Organisms and environment: Ecology, population, communities, habitat, niche, biome and ecosphere (definitions only), ecosystem: Elementary aspects only, abiotic factors-light, temperature and water (biological effects only), ecological adaptations |
| Population interactions; ecosystems: Types, components, lake ecosystem; food chains, food web, productivity, and energy flow in ecosystem, ecological pyramids-pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy |
| Nutritient cycling-carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles (brief account); population attributes: Growth, natality, and mortality, age distribution, population regulation; environmental issues |
Human anatomy and physiology-I |
|---|
| Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; peristalsis, digestion, absorption, and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, egestion, calorific value of proteins |
| Digestion and absorption: Carbohydrates and fats, nutritional disorders: Protein energy malnutrion (PEM), disorders of digestive system, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea, kwashiorkor |
| Breathing and respiration: Respiratory organs in animals; respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiratory movements, respiratory volumes |
| Breathing and respiration: Respiratory disorders-asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, pneumonia, occupational respiratory disorders-asbestosis, silicosis, siderosis, black lung disease in coal miners |
Human anatomy and physiology-II |
|---|
| Body fluids and circulation: Clotting of blood; human circulatory system-structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity, disorders of circulatory system: Hypertension |
| Body fluids and circulation: Disorders system-coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure |
| Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion-ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism, human excretory system-structure of kidney and nephron; urine formation, osmoregulation, regulation of kidney function, renin, angiotensin |
| Excretory products and their elimination: Aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH, and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders: Uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis, dialysis using artificial kidney |
Human anatomy and physiology-III |
|---|
| Muscular and skeletal system: Skeletal muscle-ultra structure; contractile proteins and contraction, skeletal system and its functions; joints |
| Muscular and skeletal system: Disorders of the muscular and skeletal system-myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, regormortis |
| Neural control and coordination: Nervous system in human beings, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; sensory perception; sense organs |
| Neural control and coordination: Brief description of other receptors; elementary structure and functioning of eye and ear |
Human anatomy and physiology-IV |
|---|
| Endocrine system and chemical coordination-endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system-hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action, role of hormones as messengers and regulators |
| Hypo and hyper activity and related disorders: Common disorders-dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome |
| Immune system: Basic concepts of immunology-types of immunity, innate immunity, acquired immunity, active and passive immunity, cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity, HIV and AIDS |
Human reproduction |
|---|
| Human reproductive system: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis, spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilization, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation |
| Human Reproductive System: Pregnancy, placenta formation, parturition, lactation |
| Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); birth control-need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis |
| Reproductive Health: infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF-ET, ZIFT, GIFT |
Genetics |
|---|
| Heredity and variation |
| Mendel's laws of inheritance with reference to Drosophila (Drosophila melanogaster-grey, black body colour; long, vestigial wings), pleiotropy; multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups and Rh-factor; codominance (blood groups as example) |
| Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; skin colour in humans, sex-determination-in humans, birds, fumea, genic balance theory of sex determination, haplodiploidy in honey bees; sex linked inheritance-haemophilia and colorblindness |
| Mendelian disorders in humans-thalassemia, haemophilia, sickle cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria; chromosomal disorders-Down syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Kleinfilter syndrome; genome, human genome project and DNA finger printing |
Organic evolution |
|---|
| Origin of life, biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (palaeontological, comparative anatomical, embryological, and molecular evidences) |
| Theories of evolution: Lamarckism (in brief), Darwin's theory of evolution-natural selection with example (Kettlewell's experiments on biston betularia), mutation theory of Hugo De Vries |
| Modern synthetic theory of evolution-Hardy Weinberg law, evolutionary forces; types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; variations (mutations and genetic recombination) |
| Adaptive radiation-viz, Darwin's finches and adaptive radiation in marsupials human evolution; speciation-allopatric, sympatric |
Applied biology |
|---|
| Apiculture, animal husbandry, pisciculture, poultry management, dairy management, animal breeding, biomedical technology, diagnostic imaging (X-ray, CT-scan, MRI), ECG, EEG, application of biotechnology in health, human insulin and vaccine production |
| Gene therapy; transgenic animals; ELISA; vaccines, MABs, cancer biology, stem cells |
Physical world |
|---|
| Scope and excitement of physics, physics, technology, and society, fundamental forces in nature, gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, towards unification of forces, nature of physical laws |
Units and measurements |
|---|
| Introduction, the international system of units, measurement of length, measurement of large distances, estimation of very small distances, size of a molecule, range of lengths, measurement of mass, range of masses, measurement of time, accuracy |
| Precision of instruments and errors in measurement, systematic errors, random errors, least count error, absolute error, relative error and percentage error, combination of errors, significant figures |
| Rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures, rounding off the uncertain digits, rules for determining the uncertainty in the results of arithmetic calculations, dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional formulae and dimensional equations |
| Dimensional analysis and its applications, checking the dimensional consistency of equations, deducing relation among the physical quantities |
Motion in a straight line |
|---|
| Position, path length and displacement, average velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity |
Motion in a plane |
|---|
| Introduction, scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors-graphical method, resolution of vectors, vector addition-analytical method |
| Motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height |
| Maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of projectile, uniform circular motion |
Laws of motion |
|---|
| Introduction, Aristotle's fallacy, the law of inertia, Newton's first law of motion, Newton's second law of motion, momentum, impulse, Newton's third law of motion, conservation of momentum, equilibrium of a particle, common forces in mechanics, friction |
| Types of friction, static, kinetic and rolling frictions, circular motion, motion of a car on a level road, motion of a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics |
Work, energy, and power |
|---|
| Introduction, the scalar product, notions of work and kinetic energy, the work-energy theorem, work, kinetic energy, work done by a variable force, the work-energy theorem for a variable force, the concept of potential energy |
| The conservation of mechanical energy, the potential energy of a spring, various forms of energy, heat, chemical energy, electrical energy, the equivalence of mass and energy, nuclear energy, the principle of conservation of energy, power, collisions |
| Elastic and inelastic collisions, collisions in one dimension, coefficient of restitution and its determination, collisions in two dimensions |
Systems of particles and rotational motion |
|---|
| Introduction, rigid body motion, centre of mass, centre of gravity, motion of centre of mass, linear momentum of a system of particles, vector product of two vectors, angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity, angular acceleration |
| Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, moment of force (torque), angular momentum of particle, torque and angular momentum for a system of a particles, conservation of angular momentum, equilibrium of a rigid body, principle of moments |
| Moment of inertia, theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes, dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, angular momentum in case of rotation about a fixed axis, rolling motion, kinetic energy of rolling motion |
Oscillations |
|---|
| Introduction, periodic and oscillatory motions, period and frequency, displacement, simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion |
| Force law for simple harmonic motion, energy in simple harmonic motion, some systems executing simple harmonic motion, oscillations due to a spring, the simple pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion, forced oscillations and resonance |
Gravitation |
|---|
| Introduction, Kepler's laws, universal law of gravitation, central forces, the gravitational constant, acceleration due to gravity of the earth, acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth, gravitational potential energy, escape speed |
| Orbital speed, earth satellites, energy of an orbiting satellite, geostationary and polar satellites, weightlessness |
Mechanical properties of solids |
|---|
| Introduction, elastic behaviour of solids, stress and strain, Hooke's law, stress-strain curve, elastic moduli, Young's modulus, determination of Young's modulus of the material of a wire, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Poisson’s Ratio |
| Elastic potential energy in a stretched wire, applications of elastic behaviour of materials |
Mechanical properties of fluids |
|---|
| Introduction, pressure, Pascal's law, variation of pressure with depth, atmospheric pressure and gauge pressure, hydraulic machines, Archimedes' principle, streamline flow, Bernoulli's principle, speed of efflux, Torricelli's Law, Venturi-meter |
| Blood flow and heart attack, dynamic lift, viscosity, variation of viscosity of fluids with temperature, Stokes' law, Reynolds number, critical velocity, surface tension and surface energy, angle of contact, drops and bubbles, capillary rise |
| Detergents and surface tension |
Thermal properties of matter |
|---|
| Introduction, temperature and heat, measurement of temperature, ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, change of state, triple point, regelation, latent heat, heat transfer, conduction |
| Convection, radiation, black body radiation, greenhouse effect, Newton's law of cooling and its experimental verification |
Thermodynamics |
|---|
| Introduction, thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat, internal energy and work, first law of thermodynamics, specific heat capacity, specific heat capacity of water, thermodynamic state variables and equation of state |
| Thermodynamic processes, quasistatic process, isothermal process, adiabatic process, isochoric process, isobaric process, cyclic process, heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps, second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes |
| Carnot engine, Carnot's theorem |
Kinetic theory |
|---|
| Introduction, molecular nature of matter, behaviour of gases, Boyle's law, Charles' law, kinetic theory of an ideal gas, pressure of an ideal gas, kinetic interpretation of temperature, law of equipartition of energy, specific heat capacity |
| Monatomic gases, diatomic gases, polyatomic gases, specific heat capacity of solids, specific heat capacity of water, mean free path |
Waves |
|---|
| Introduction, transverse and longitudinal waves, displacement relation in a progressive wave, amplitude and phase, wavelength, and angular wave number, period, angular frequency and frequency, the speed of a travelling wave |
| Speed of a transverse wave on stretched string, speed of a longitudinal wave (speed of sound), the principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves and normal modes, beats |
| Doppler effect: Source moving and observer stationary, observer moving and source stationary, both source and observer moving |
Ray optics and optical instruments |
|---|
| Introduction, reflection of light by spherical mirrors, sign convention, focal length of spherical mirrors, the mirror equation, refraction, total internal reflection, total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications |
| Refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through a prism, dispersion by a prism, some natural phenomena due to sunlight, the rainbow, scattering of light, optical instruments |
| The eye, the simple and compound microscopes, refracting telescope and Cassegrain reflecting telescope |
Wave optics |
|---|
| Introduction, Huygens principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens principle, refraction in a rarer medium (at the denser medium boundary), reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface, the Doppler effect |
| Coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young's experiment, diffraction, the single slit diffraction, resolving power of optical instruments, the validity of ray optics, polarisation, polarisation by scattering |
| Polarisation by reflection |
Electric charges and fields |
|---|
| Introduction, electric charge, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic properties of electric charges, additivity of charges, conservation of charge, quantization of charge, Coulomb's law, forces between multiple charges, electric field |
| Electric field due to a system of charges, physical significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole, the field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line and on the equatorial plane |
| Physical significance of dipoles, dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss's law, applications of Gauss's law, field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire |
| Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, field due to uniformly charged thin spherical shell |
Electrostatic potential and capacitance |
|---|
| Introduction, electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, relation between field and potential, potential energy of a system of charges |
| Potential energy in an external field, potential energy of a single charge, potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field, potential energy of a dipole in an external field, electrostatics of conductors, electrostatic shielding |
| Dielectrics and polarisation, electric displacement, capacitors and capacitance, the parallel plate capacitor, effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, capacitors in series, capacitors in parallel, energy stored in a capacitor |
| Van De Graaff generator |
Current electricity |
|---|
| Introduction, electric current, electric current in conductors, Ohm's law, drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, mobility, limitations of Ohm's law, resistivity of various materials, colour code of resistors |
| Temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power, combination of resistors-series and parallel |
| Cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's rules, Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge, potentiometer |
Moving charges and magnetism |
|---|
| Introduction, magnetic force, sources and fields, magnetic field, Lorentz force, magnetic force on a current carrying conductor, motion in a magnetic field, helical motion of charged particles, motion in combined electric and magnetic fields |
| Velocity selector, cyclotron, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot-Savart's law, magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop, Ampere's circuital law, the solenoid and the toroid, force between two parallel current carrying conductors |
| The ampere (unit), torque on current loop, magneticdipole, torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole, the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, the moving coil galvanometer |
| Conversion into ammeter and voltmeter |
Magnetism and matter |
|---|
| Introduction, the bar magnet, the magnetic field lines, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, the dipole in a uniform magnetic field, the electrostatic analog, magnetism and Gauss's law, the earth's magnetism, magnetic declination and dip |
| Magnetisation and magnetic intensity, susceptibility, magnetic properties of materials; diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, hysteresis loop, permanent magnets and electromagnets |
Electromagnetic induction |
|---|
| Introduction, the experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday's law of induction, Lenz's law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive force, energy consideration-a quantitative study, Eddy currents, inductance, mutual inductance |
| Self inductance, AC generator |
Alternating current |
|---|
| Introduction, AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors-phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit |
| Phasor-diagram solution, analytical solution, resonance, sharpness of resonance, power in AC circuit, the power factor, LC oscillations, transformers |
Electromagnetic waves |
|---|
| Introduction, displacement current, Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, sources of electromagnetic waves, nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays |
| Electromagnetic spectrum: Gamma rays |
Dual nature of radiation and matter |
|---|
| Introduction, electron emission, photoelectric Effect, Hertz's observations, Hallwachs and Lenard's observations, experimental study of photoelectric effect, effect of intensity of light on photocurrent, effect of potential on photoelectric current |
| Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential, photoelectric effect and wave theory of light, Einstein's photoelectric equation, energy quantum of radiation, particle nature of light, the photon, wave nature of matter, photocell |
| Davisson and germer experiment |
Atoms |
|---|
| Introduction, alpha particle scattering and Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, alpha particle trajectory, electron orbits, atomic spectra, spectral series, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, energy levels, Franck-Hertz experiment |
| The line spectra of the hydrogen atom, De Broglie's explanation of Bohr's second postulate of quantization, laser light |
Nuclei |
|---|
| Atomic masses and composition of nucleus, discovery of neutron, size of the nucleus, mass-energy and nuclear binding energy, nuclear force, radioactivity, law of radioactive decay, alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, nuclear energy, fission |
| Nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, energy generation in stars, controlled thermonuclear fusion |
Semiconductors electronics: Materials, devices, and simple circuits |
|---|
| Introduction, classification of metals, conductors, and semiconductors on the basis of conductivity and energy bands, band theory of solids, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, p-type semiconductor, n-type semiconductor |
| p-n junction formation, semiconductor diode, p-n junction diode under forward bias, p-n junction diode under reverse bias, application of junction diode as a rectifier, special purpose p-n junction diodes, Zener diode, Zener diode as voltage regulator |
| Optoelectronic junction devices, photodiode, light emitting diode, solar cell |
| Junction transistor, structure and action, basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor characteristics, transistor as a switch and as an amplifier (CE-configuration), feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator |
| Digital electronics and logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND, and NOR gates, integrated circuits |
Communication systems |
|---|
| Introduction, elements of a communication system, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, ground waves, sky waves, space wave |
| Modulation and its necessity, size of the antenna or aerial, effective power radiated by an antenna, mixing up of signals from different transmitters, amplitude modulation, production of amplitude modulated wave, detection of amplitude modulated wave |
Atomic structure |
|---|
| Sub-atomic particles; atomic models-Thomson's model; Rutherford's nuclear model of atom, developments to the Bohr's model of atom; nature of electromagnetic radiation; particle nature of electromagnetic radiation-Planck's quantum theory |
| Bohr's model for hydrogen atom; explanation of line spectrum of hydrogen; limitations of Bohr's model; quantum mechanical considerations of sub atomic particles; dual behaviour of matter; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle |
| Quantum mechanical model of an atom |
| Important features of quantum mechanical model of atom; orbitals and quantum numbers; shapes of atomic orbitals; energies of orbitals; filling of orbitals in atoms |
| Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity; electronic configurations of atoms; stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals |
Classification of elements and periodicity in properties |
|---|
| Need to classify elements; genesis of periodic classification; modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table; nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100, electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table |
| Electronic configuration and types of elements s, p, d, and f blocks; trends in physical properties: (a) Atomic radius, (b) ionic radius (c) variation of size in inner transition elements, (d) ionization enthalpy, (e) electron gain enthalpy |
| Trends in physical properties: (f) Electro negativity; periodic trends in chemical properties: (a) Valence or oxidation states, (b) anomalous properties of second period elements-diagonal relationship; periodic trends and chemical reactivity |
Chemical bonding and molecular structure |
|---|
| Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding, octet rule, representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of octet rule; ionic or electrovalent bond-factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds |
| Crystal structure of sodium chloride, general properties of ionic compounds; bond parameters-bond length, bond angle, bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance polarity of bonds dipole moment-Fajan rules; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory |
| Predicting the geometry of simple molecules; valence bond theory, orbital overlap concept, directional properties of bonds, overlapping of atomic orbitals, types of overlapping, and nature of covalent bonds, strength of sigma and pi bonds |
| Factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds; hybridisation-different types of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals, shapes of simple covalent molecules; coordinate bond-definition with examples; molecular orbital theory |
| Formation of molecular orbitals, linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), conditions for combination of atomic orbitals, energy level diagrams for molecular orbitals, bonding in some homo nuclear diatomic molecules-H2, He2, Li2, B2, C2, N2, and O2 |
| Hydrogen bonding-cause of formation of hydrogen bond, types of hydrogen bonds, inter and intra molecular, general properties of hydrogen bonds |
States of matter: gases and liquids |
|---|
| Intermolecular forces; thermal energy; intermolecular forces vs. thermal interactions; the gaseous state; the gas laws; ideal gas equation; Graham's law of diffusion-Dalton's law of partial pressures; kinetic molecular theory of gases |
| Kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (no derivation) deduction of gas laws from kinetic gas equation; distribution of molecular speeds-rms, average and most probable speeds-kinetic energy of gas molecules; behaviour of real gases |
| Deviation from ideal gas behaviour, compressibility factor vs. pressure diagrams of real gases; liquefaction of gases; liquid state-properties of liquids in terms of inter molecular interactions, vapour pressure |
| Viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only. No mathematical derivation) |
Stoichiometry |
|---|
| Some basic concepts-properties of matter, uncertainty in measurement, significant figures, dimensional analysis; laws of chemical combinations, law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions |
| Gay Lussac's law of gaseous volumes, Dalton's atomic theory, Avogadro's law, examples; atomic and molecular masses-mole concept and molar mass |
| Concept of equivalent weight; percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds; stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations; limiting reagent |
| Methods of expressing concentrations of solutions-mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality; redox reactions-classical idea of redox reactions, oxidation, and reduction reactions-redox reactions in terms of electron transfer |
| Oxidation number concept; types of redox reactions-combination, decomposition, displacement, and disproportionation reactions; balancing of redox reactions-oxidation number method half reaction (ion-electron) method; redox reactions in titrimetry |
Thermodynamics |
|---|
| Thermodynamic terms; the system and the surroundings; types of systems and surroundings; the state of the system; the Internal energy as a state function |
| (a) Work (b) heat (c) the general case, the first law of thermodynamics; applications; work; enthalpy, H-a useful new state function; extensive and intensive properties; heat capacity; the relationship between Cp and Cv |
| RH of reactions-reaction enthalpy (a) calorimetry; enthalpy change, ∆U and ∆measurement of standard enthalpy of reactions, (b) enthalpy changes during phase transformations, (c) standard enthalpy of formation, (d) thermo chemical equations |
| RH of reactions-reaction enthalpy (e) Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies 0for for different types of reactions |
| (a) Standard enthalpy of combustion (∆cH0), (b) enthalpy of 0atomization (∆aH0), phase transition, sublimation and ionization, (c) bond enthalpy (∆bondH), (d) 0enthalpy of solution (∆solH) and dilution-lattice enthalpy; spontaneity |
| (a) Is decrease in enthalpy a criterion for spontaneity?, (b) entropy and spontaneity, the second law of thermodynamics, (c) Gibbs energy and spontaneity; Gibbs energy change and equilibrium; absolute entropy and the third law of thermodynamics |
Chemical equilibrium and acids-bases |
|---|
| Equilibrium in physical processes; equilibrium in chemical processes-dynamic equilibrium; law of chemical equilibrium-law of mass action and equilibrium constant; homogeneous equilibria, equilibrium constant in gaseous systems |
| Relationship between Kp and Kc; heterogeneous equilibria; applications of equilibrium constant; relationship between equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G; factors affecting equilibria |
| Le-Chatlier principle application to industrial synthesis of ammonia and sulphur trioxide; ionic equilibrium in solutions; acids, bases, and salts-Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis concepts of acids and bases; ionisation of acids and bases |
| Ionisation constant of water and its ionic product, pH scale ionisation constants of weak acids, ionisation of weak bases, relation between Ka and Kb-Di and poly basic acids and di and poly acidic bases, factors affecting acid strength |
| Common ion effect in the ionization of acids and bases, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions; buffer solutions-designing of buffer solution, preparation of acidic buffer; solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts |
| Solubility product constant, common ion effect on solubility of ionic salts |
Hydrogen and its compound |
|---|
| Position of hydrogen in the periodic table; dihydrogen-occurance and isotopes; preparation and properties of dihydrogen; hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides; water: Physical properties; structure of water, ice |
| Chemical properties of water; hard and soft water, temporary and permanent hardness of water; hydrogen peroxide: Preparation; physical properties; structure and chemical properties; storage and uses; heavy water; hydrogen as a fuel |
S-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth metals) |
|---|
| Group 1 elements: Alkali metals; electronic configurations; atomic and ionic radii; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties; chemical properties; uses; general characteristics of the compounds of the alkali metals: Oxides; halides |
| Group 1 elements: Salts of oxo acids; anomalous properties of lithium: Differences and similarities with other alkali metals, diagonal relationship; similarities between lithium and magnesium; some important compounds of sodium: Sodium carbonate |
| Group 1 elements: Sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide; sodium hydrogen carbonate; biological importance of sodium and potassium |
| Group 2 elements: Alkaline earth elements; electronic configuration; ionization enthalpy; hydration enthalpy; physical properties, chemical properties; uses |
| Group 2 elements: General characteristics of compounds of the alkaline earth metals-oxides, hydroxides, halides, salts of oxoacids (carbonates; sulphates and nitrates); anomalous behaviour of beryllium; its diagonal relationship with aluminium |
| Group 2 elements: Some important compounds of calcium-preparation and uses of calcium oxide; calcium hydroxide; calcium carbonate; plaster of Paris; cement; biological importance of calcium and magnesium |
p-block elements-group 13 (boron family) |
|---|
| General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of boron; some important compounds of boron-borax, ortho boric acid, diborane |
| Uses of boron, aluminium, and their compounds |
p-block elements-group 14 (carbon family) |
|---|
| General introduction-electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionization enthalpy, electro negativity; physical and chemical properties; important trends and anomalous properties of carbon; allotropes of carbon; uses of carbon |
| Some important compounds of carbon and silicon-carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, silica, silicones, silicates, and zeolites |
Environmental chemistry |
|---|
| Definition of terms: Air, water, and soil pollutions; environmental pollution; atmospheric pollution; tropospheric pollution; gaseous air pollutants (oxides of sulphur; oxides of nitrogen; hydrocarbons; oxides of carbon (CO, CO2)) |
| Global warming and green house effect; acid rain particulate pollutants-smog; stratospheric pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone-ozone hole, effects of depletion of the Ozone Layer; water pollution: Causes of water pollution |
| International standards for drinking water; soil pollution: Pesticides, industrial wastes; strategies to control environmental pollution-waste management, collection, and disposal; green chemistry: Green chemistry in day-to-day life |
| Dry cleaning of clothes; bleaching of paper; synthesis of chemicals |
Organic chemistry-some basic principles and techniques, and hydrocarbons |
|---|
| General introduction; tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of organic compounds; structural representations of organic compounds; classification of organic compounds; nomenclature of organic compounds; isomerism |
| Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms; fission of covalent bond; nucleophiles and electrophiles; electron movements in organic reactions |
| Electron displacement effects in covalent bonds: Inductive effect, resonance, resonance effect; electromeric effect, hyperconjugation; types of organic reactions; methods of purification of organic compounds |
| Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds; quantitative elemental analysis of organic compounds |
Hydrocarbons |
|---|
| Classification of hydrocarbons; alkanes-nomenclature, isomerism (structural and conformations of ethane only); preparation of alkanes; properties-physical properties and chemical reactivity |
| Alkanes-substitution reactions-halogenation (free radical mechanism), combustion, controlled oxidation, isomerisation, aromatization, reaction with steam, and pyrolysis; alkenes-nomenclature, structure of ethene, Isomerism (structural and geometrical) |
| Alkenes-methods of preparation; properties-physical and chemical reactions: Addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, sulphuric acid, hydrogen halides (mechanism-ionic and peroxide effect, Markovnikov's, anti Markovnikov's or Kharasch effect) |
| Alkenes-oxidation, ozonolysis, and polymerization; alkynes-nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene. Methods of preparation of acetylene; Physical properties, Chemical reactions-acidic character of acetylene |
| Alkynes-addition reactions-of hydrogen, halogen, hydrogen halides, and water. Polymerization |
| Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of benzene, resonance, and aromaticity; preparation of benzene. Physical properties. Chemical properties: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution |
| Aromatic hydrocarbons: Electrophilic substitution reactions-nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, and acylation; directive influence of functional groups in mono substituted benzene, carcinogenicity, and toxicity |
Solid state |
|---|
| General characteristics of solid state; amorphous and crystalline solids; classification of crystalline solids based on different binding forces (molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent solids); probing the structure of solids: X-ray crystallography |
| Crystal lattices and unit cells |
| Bravais lattices primitive and centred unit cells; number of atoms in a unit cell (primitive, body centred, and face centred cubic unit cell); close packed structures: Close packing in one dimension, in two dimensions and in three dimensions |
| Tetrahedral and octahedral voids, formula of a compound and number of voids filled, locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids; packing efficiency in simple cubic, bcc, and in hcp, ccp lattice |
| Calculations involving unit cell dimensions-density of the unit cell; imperfections in solids, types of point defects, stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects; electrical properties, conduction of electricity in metals |
| Semiconductors and insulators, band theory of metals; magnetic properties |
Solutions |
|---|
| Types of solutions; expressing concentration of solutions-mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity, and molality; Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid |
| Solubility: solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry's law; vapour pressure of liquid solutions: Vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions |
| Raoult's law as a special case of Henry’s law-vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids; ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties and determination of molar mass-relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point |
| Depression of freezing point, osmosis and osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis and water purification; abnorma molar masses, Van't Hoff factor |
Electrochemistry and chemical kinetics |
|---|
| Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells; galvanic cells: Measurement of electrode potentials; Nernst equation-equilibrium constant from Nernst equation, electro chemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell reaction; conductance of electrolytic solutions |
| Electrochemistry: Measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions, variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration, strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes, applications of Kohlrausch's law |
| Electrochemistry: Electrolytic cells and electrolysis-Faraday’s laws of electrolysis products of electrolysis; batteries: Primary batteries and secondary batteries; fuel cells; corrosion of metals-hydrogen economy |
| Chemical kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction; factors influencing rate of a reaction: Dependence of rate on concentration-rate expression and rate constant-order of a reaction, molecularity of a reaction; integrated rate equations |
| Chemical kinetics: Zero order reactions, first order reactions, half life of a reaction; pseudo first order reaction; temperature dependence of the rate of a reaction-effect of catalyst; collision theory of chemical reaction rates |
Surface chemistry |
|---|
| Adsorption: Distinction between adsorption and absorption, mechanism of adsorption, types of adsorption, characteristics of physisorption, characteristics of chemisorptions, adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solution phase, applications of adsorption |
| Catalysis: Catalysts, promoters, and poisons, auto catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis |
| Catalysis: Important features of solid catalysts-(a) activity (b) selectivity, shape, selective catalysis by zeolites, enzyme catalysis, characteristics and mechanism, catalysts in industry |
| Colloids: Classification of colloids-classification based on physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium, classification based on nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium |
| Colloids: Classification based on type of particles of the dispersed phase, multi molecular, macromolecular, and associated colloids, cleansing action of soaps, preparation of colloids, purification of colloidal solutions |
| Colloids: Properties of colloidal solutions-colligative properties, Tyndal effect, colour, Brownian movement, charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis; coagulation, precipitation methods, coagulation of lyophilic sols and protection of colloids |
| Colloids: Emulsions; colloids around us, application of colloids |
General principles of metallurgy |
|---|
| Occurrence of metals; concentration of ores-levigation, magnetic separation, froth floatation, leaching; extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore-conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal; thermodynamic principles of metallurgy |
| Ellingham diagram, limitations, applications, extraction of iron, copper, and zinc from their oxides; electrochemical principles of metallurgy; oxidation and reduction |
| Refining of crude metal-distillation, liquation poling, electrolytic refining, zone refining and vapour phase refining; uses of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron |
P-block elements |
|---|
| Group-15 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dinitrogen preparation, properties, and uses |
| Group-15 elements: Compounds of nitrogen-preparation and properties of ammonia; oxides of nitrogen; preparation and properties of nitric acid; phosphorous allotropic forms; phosphine-preparation, properties, and uses; phosphorous halides |
| Group 15 elements: Oxoacids of phosphorous |
| Group-16 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; dioxygen-preparation, properties, and uses; simple oxides |
| Group-16 elements: Ozone-preparation, properties, structure, and uses; sulphur-allotropic forms; sulphur dioxide-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of sulphur; sulphuric acid-manufacture, properties, and uses |
| Group-17 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties; chlorine-preparation, properties, and uses |
| Group-17 elements: Hydrogen chloride-preparation, properties, and uses; oxoacids of halogens; interhalogen compounds-preparation, properties, and uses |
| Group-18 elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionization enthalpy, atomic radii, electron gain enthalpy, physical and chemical properties (a) xenon-fluorine compounds-XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6 |
| Group-18 elements: Preparation, hydrolysis, and formation of fluoro anions-structures of XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6 (b) xenon-oxygen compounds XeO3 and XeOF4-their formation and structures, uses of noble gases |
D and f block elements and coordination compounds |
|---|
| d and f block elements: Position in the periodic table; electronic configuration of the d block elements; general properties of the transition elements (d-block)-physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series |
| d and f block elements: Ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in the M²+/M and M³+/M²+ standard electrode potentials, trends in stability of higher oxidation states, chemical reactivity and Eθ values, magnetic properties |
| d and f block elements: Formation of coloured ions, formation of complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds, alloy formation; some important compounds of transition elements-oxides and oxoanions of metals |
| d and f block elements: Preparation and properties of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate-structures of chromate, dichromate, manganate and permanganate ions; inner transition elements (f-block)-lanthanoids, electronic configuration |
| d and f block elements: Atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics; actinoids-electronic configuration atomic, and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics, and comparison with lanthanoids |
| d and f block elements: Some applications of d and f block elements |
| Coordination compounds: Werner's theory of coordination compounds; definitions of some terms used in coordination compounds; nomenclature of coordination compounds-IUPAC nomenclature |
| Coordination compounds: Isomerism in coordination compounds-(a) stereo isomerism-geometrical and optical isomerism, (b) structural isomerism-linkage, coordination, ionisation and hydrate isomerism; bonding in coordination compounds |
| Coordination compounds: (a) Valence bond theory-magnetic properties of coordination compounds, limitations of valence bond theory, (b) crystal field theory-(i) crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities |
| Coordination compounds: (b) Crystal field theory-(ii) colour in coordination compounds-limitations of crystal field theory; bonding in metal carbonyls; stability of coordination compounds; importance and applications of coordination compounds |
Polymers |
|---|
| Classification of polymers, classification based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces and growth polymerization; types of polymerization reactions, addition polymerization or chain growth polymerization |
| Ionic polymerization, free radical mechanism, preparation of addition polymers, polythene, teflon and polyacrylonitrile, condensation polymerization or step growth polymerization, polyamides, preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6-polyesters, terylene |
| Bakelite, melamine, formaldehyde polymers; copolymerization-rubber, natural rubber, vulcanisation of rubber, synthetic rubbers, preparation of neoprene, and buna-N; molecular mass of polymers |
| Number average and weight average molecular masses, poly dispersity index (PDI); biodegradable polymers-PHBV, Nylon 2-Nylon 6; polymers of commercial importance-polypropene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), urea-formaldehyde resin |
| Glyptal and bakelite-their monomers, structures, and uses |
Biomolecules |
|---|
| Carbohydrates: Classification of carbohydrates, monosaccharides: Preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch-properties and structure of glucose, D,L configurations and (+), (-) notations of glucose, structure of fructose |
| Carbohydrates: Disaccharides-sucrose-preparation, structure; invert sugar-structures of maltose and lactose-polysaccharides: Structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen, importance of carbohydrates |
| Proteins: Amino acids-natural amino acids, classification of aminoacids, structures and D and L forms, Zwitter ions |
| Proteins: Structures, classification, fibrous, and globular-primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structures of proteins, denaturation of proteins |
| Enzymes: Enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action |
| Vitamins: Explanation, names, classification of vitamins, sources of vitamins, deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins |
| Nucleic acids: Chemical composition of nucleic acids, structures of nucleic acids, DNA finger printing, biological functions of nucleic acids |
| Hormones: Definition, different types of hormones, their production, biological activity, diseases due to their abnormal activities |
Chemistry in everyday life |
|---|
| Drugs and their classification: (a) Classification of drugs on the basis of pharmacological effect, (b) classification of drugs on the basis of drug action, (c) classification of drugs on the basis of chemical structure |
| Drugs and their classification: (d) Classification of drugs on the basis of molecular targets; drug-target interaction, enzymes as drug targets (a) catalytic action of enzymes, (b) drug-enzyme interaction, receptors as drug targets |
| Drugs and their classification: Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs-antacids, antihistamines, neurologically active drugs: Tranquilizers, analgesics-non-narcotic, narcotic analgesics, antimicrobials-antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants |
| Drugs and their classification: Antifertility drugs; chemicals in food-artificial sweetening agents, food preservatives, antioxidants in food; cleansing agents-soaps and synthetic detergents-types and examples |
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes |
|---|
| Classification and nomenclature; nature of CX bond; methods of preparation: Alkyl halides and aryl halides from alcohols, from hydrocarbons, (a) by free radical halogenation, (b) by electrophilic substitution |
| Methods of preparation: (c) By replacement of diazonium group (Sandmeyer reaction), (d) by the addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes-by halogen exchange reactions; physical properties-melting and boiling points, density and solubility |
| Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (i) nucleophilic substitution reactions-(a) SN² mechanism, (b) SN¹ mechanism, (c) stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions-optical activity, (ii) Elimination reactions |
| Chemical reactions: Reactions of haloalkanes (iii) reaction with metals-reactions of haloarenes: (i) Nucleophilic substitution, (ii) electrophilic substitution and, (iii) reaction with metals |
| Polyhalogen compounds: Uses and environmental effects of dichloro methane, trichloromethane, triiodomethane, tetrachloro methane, freons and DDT |
Organic compounds containing C, H, and O (alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids) |
|---|
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Classification; nomenclature: (a) Alcohols, (b) phenols and, (c) ethers; structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups |
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Methods of preparation-alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds, from Grignard reagents; phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, cumene; physical properties of alcohols and phenols |
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Chemical reactions of alcohols and phenols (i) reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity of alcohols and phenols, esterification, (ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-O bond-reactions with HX, PX3 |
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Dehydration and oxidation (iii) reactions of phenols-electrophilic aromatic substitution, Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, reaction with zinc dust, oxidation; commercially important alcohols (methanol, ethanol) |
| Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Ethers-methods of preparation: By dehydration of alcohols, Williamson synthesis-physical properties, chemical reactions: Cleavage of C-O bond and electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers (anisole) |
| Aldehydes and ketones: Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group; preparation of aldehydes and ketones-(1) by oxidation of alcohols, (2) by dehydrogenation of alcohols, (3) from hydrocarbons |
| Aldehydes and ketones: Preparation of aldehydes (1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles and esters, (3) from hydrocarbons, preparation of ketones-(1) from acyl chlorides, (2) from nitriles, (3) from benzene or substituted benzenes |
| Aldehydes and ketones: Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones; chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones-nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation |
| Aldehydes and ketones: Reactions due to alpha hydrogen and other reactions (Cannizzaro reaction, electrophilic substitution reaction); uses of aldehydes and ketones |
| Carboxylic acids: Nomenclature and structure of carboxyl group; methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (1) from primary alcohols and aldehydes, (2) from alkyl benzenes, (3) from nitriles and amides, (4) from Grignard reagents |
| Carboxylic acids: Methods of preparation of carboxylic acids (5) from acyl halides and anhydrides, (6) from esters; physical properties; chemical reactions: (i) Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond-acidity, reactions with metals and alkalies |
| Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(ii) reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond-formation of anhydride, reactions with PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia, (iii) reactions involving-COOH group-reduction, decarboxylation |
| Carboxylic acids: Chemical reactions-(iv) substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part-halogenation and ring substitution; uses of carboxylic acids |
Organic compounds containing nitrogen |
|---|
| Amines: Structure of amines; classification; nomenclature; preparation of amines: Reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides |
| Amines: Gabriel phthalimide synthesis and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction; physical properties; chemical reactions: Basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbyl amine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid |
| Amines: Reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines(anilines)-bromination, nitration, and sulphonation |
| Diazonium salts: Methods of preparation of diazonium salts (by diazotization) physical properties; chemical reactions: Reactions involving displacement of nitrogen; Sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman reaction, replacement by i) iodiode, and fluoride ions |
| Diazonium salts: Replacement by ii) hydrogen, hydroxyl and nitro groups; reactions involving retention of diazo group; coupling reactions; importance of diazonium salts in synthesis of aromatic compounds |
| Cyanides and isocyanides: Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides; preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions of cyanides, and isocyanides |
Highest CTC 82.89 LPA | 98% Placement | 160+ Recruiters | Top Recruiters: Amazon, Adobe, Google, D.E. Shaw, Morgan Stanley, Deloitte, SAP and Many more
| Year | Student Appeared | Seats Available |
|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 133066 | None |
The below mentioned preparation tips of AP EAMCET 2024 must be checked by the appearing candidates to crack the examination.
Candidates applying for AP EAMCET 2024 admission test are advised to check the exam pattern of AP EAPCET. The official information brochure includes the paper pattern, examination mode, the type of questions asked, duration of examination, marking scheme, and much more.
AP EAMCET 2024 exam pattern will help candidates understand the exam and prepare accordingly. It is quite important to know the exam pattern of AP EAPCET 2024 to strategize your preparation.
Particulars | Details |
Examination Mode | Online |
Duration of Exam | 3 Hours |
Medium of Exam | English and Telugu |
Question Type | MCQs |
Marking Scheme | No negative marks |
Number of Papers | 3 |
Number of Questions | 160 |
Marks | 160 |
No. of Sections | No. of Questions | Marks |
Physics | 40 | 40 |
Chemistry | 40 | 40 |
Mathematics | 80 | 80 |
The authorities will release the mock test of AP EAPCET 2024 for the candidates appearing in the exam. AP EAMCET 2024 mock tests will be accessible without any credentials. The mock tests will be based on the pattern of the examination, so the candidates can self-evaluate their preparation level for the AP EAPCET 2024. Various options like marking answers, leaving them for review, and skipping the question will be present in the mock test of AP EAMCET 2024.
Also Read:
Practising mock tests is considered to be one of the best ways to analyse the preparation and score well in the actual examination. With the help of the AP EAPCET 2024 mock test, candidates will not only understand the pattern in which the question paper will be designed but will also be able to understand their strong and weak areas or the topics on which they still need to work.
The authority has announced the AP EAMCET 2024 admit card dates on the official website. AP EAMCET admit card 2024 will be released by the authorities on May 7, 2024. No candidate will be allowed to enter the examination hall if he/she fails to bring the admit card of AP EAPCET 2024 along with them.
AP EAMCET 2024 admit card consists of details like candidate’s name, roll number, examination date and timing along with the exam centre name and address. All the exam day guidelines will be available on this admit card.
Note: Take 2 printouts of the AP EAMCET admit card 2024 and save it for future reference.
Candidates have to carefully check the details mentioned in the AP EAMCET admit card 2024. In case of any discrepancy in the details of admit card, the authorities shall be contacted immediately.
The AP EAPCET 2024 admit card contains many details such as the candidate's name, address of the allotted exam centre, date and time of examination, date of birth, mobile number, category details, gender, registration number, candidate's photograph, signature, and much more. AP EAMCET 2024 applicants are advised to check all the details present in the hall ticket carefully and should contact the authorities in case of any error or discrepancy.
| State | City |
|---|---|
| Andhra Pradesh | Anantapur |
| Chittoor | |
| Amalapuram | |
| Bapatla | |
| Gudlavalleru | |
| Kurnool | |
| Gudur | |
| Chirala | |
| Anakapalle | |
| Bobbili | |
| Bhimavaram | |
| Kadapa | |
| Gooty | |
| Madanapalle | |
| Kakinada | |
| Guntur | |
| Nandyal | |
| Kavali | |
| Markapur | |
| Srikakulam | |
| Vizianagaram | |
| Eluru | |
| Proddatur | |
| Puttur | |
| Rajahmundry | |
| Narasaraopet | |
| Mylavaram | |
| Nellore | |
| Ongole | |
| Tekkali | |
| Narasapur | |
| Rajampet | |
| Tirupati | |
| Vijayawada | |
| Visakhapatnam | |
| Tadepalligudem | |
| Machilipatnam | |
| Anandapuram | |
| Hindupur | |
| Yemmiganur | |
| Gajuwaka part | |
| Rajampeta | |
| Puttaparthi | |
| Tiruvuru | |
| Telangana | Secunderabad |
| LB Nagar | |
| Nacharam |
AP EAMCET answer key 2024 will be released after a few days of successful conduction of the entrance test. The answer key of AP EAMCET 2024 will be available for the candidates on the official website.
Through AP EAMCET 2024 answer key, candidates will be able to check their answers and calculate their expected score in the examination. Although these scores are just an approximation and are subject to change on release of the final answer key.
AP EAMCET exam dates 2023 | AP EAMCET answer key Shift 1 | AP EAMCET answer key Shift 2 |
| AP EAMCET 2023 May 15 | EAPCET shift 1 answer key | EAPCET shift 2 answer key |
| AP EAMCET 2023 May 16 | EAPCET shift 1 answer key | EAPCET shift 2 answer key |
| AP EAMCET 2023 May 17 | EAPCET shift 1 answer key | EAPCET shift 2 answer key |
| AP EAMCET 2023 May 18 | EAPCET shift 1 answer key | EAPCET shift 2 answer key |
| AP EAMCET 2023 May 19 | EAPCET shift 1 answer key | Click Here |
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University will declare the result of AP EAMCET 2024 on the official website. All the candidates who appeared for the entrance examination will be able to check their result using the AP EAMCET 2024 login credentials. The candidates will be offered admission to the institutes on the basis of their AP EAMCET 2024 result.
NOTE: Separate merit lists will be prepared on the basis of the course the student has applied to.
| Rank | Topper's Name | Marks |
| 1 | Burugupalli Satya Raja Jaswanth | 152 |
| 2 | Bora Varun Chakravarthy | 151 |
| 3 | Konni Raja Kumar | 151 |
| 4 | Balisetti Sai Abhinav | 149 |
| 5 | Durgapudi Karthikeya Reddy | 150 |
| 6 | Rajeshwari Konchuru | 149 |
| 7 | Tadi Sai Venkata Yaswanth Naidu | 148 |
| 8 | Chupudi Keerthi | 147 |
| 9 | Poppuru Ashish | 148 |
| 10 | Deragulla Abhijit Sai | 147 |
Particulars | Details |
Total number of candidates appeared for AP EAMCET engineering exam 2021 | 1,66,460 |
Total number of candidates qualified for AP EAMCET 2021 engineering | 1,34,205 |
Total number of male candidates appeared | 1,00,007 |
Total number of male candidates qualified | 79,221 |
Total number of female candidates appeared | 66,453 |
Total number of female candidates qualified | 54,984 |
Qualified Percentage | 80.62% |
AC YEAR | CET | Branch | Registered | Appeared | Qualified | Qualified Percentage |
2021-22 | APEAPCET | ENG | 176586 | 166460 | 134205 | 80.62 |
2020-21 | APEAMCET | ENG | 185936 | 156953 | 133066 | 84.78 |
2020-21 | APEAMCET | MED | 87652 | 75858 | 69616 | 91.77 |
2019-20 | APEAMCET | ENG | 195719 | 185711 | 133003 | 71.61 |
2019-20 | APEAMCET | MED | 86986 | 81916 | 65910 | 80.46 |
2018-19 | APEAMCET | ENG | 199325 | 190922 | 133288 | 69.81 |
2018-19 | APEAMCET | MED | 76748 | 73373 | 61463 | 83.76 |
Particulars | Statistics |
Total number of students registered | 2,59,688 |
Number of students registered for engineering stream | 1,75,868 |
Number of students registered for agriculture stream | 83,102 |
Candidates opted for both stream | 718 |
Total number of female candidates | 1,26,216 |
Total number of male candidates | 1,33,472 |
Category | ENGINEERING & PHARMACY | Qualified % | ||||||||
Registered | Appeared | Qualified | ||||||||
M | F | Total | M | F | Total | M | F | Total | ||
OC | 38822 | 29570 | 68392 | 36296 | 27943 | 64239 | 28018 | 22811 | 50829 | 79.12 |
BC-A | 12232 | 6906 | 19138 | 11608 | 6535 | 18143 | 8427 | 4958 | 13385 | 73.78 |
BC-B | 15305 | 10002 | 25307 | 14532 | 9468 | 25000 | 11133 | 7589 | 18722 | 74.89 |
BC-C | 563 | 372 | 935 | 528 | 349 | 877 | 406 | 282 | 688 | 78.45 |
BC-D | 19471 | 11754 | 31225 | 18486 | 11162 | 29648 | 14109 | 8913 | 23022 | 77.65 |
BC-E | 5169 | 2722 | 7891 | 4951 | 2600 | 7751 | 3522 | 2035 | 5557 | 71.69 |
SC | 12068 | 7754 | 19822 | 11359 | 7188 | 18547 | 11359 | 7188 | 18547 | 100 |
ST | 2468 | 1408 | 3876 | 2247 | 1208 | 3455 | 2247 | 1208 | 3455 | 100 |
Total | 106098 | 70488 | 176586 | 100007 | 66453 | 166460 | 79221 | 54984 | 134205 | 80.62 |
The AP EAMCET cut off consists of the minimum marks required to qualify the exam and be eligible for securing a seat in the institutes accepting scores of AP EAMCET . However, the cutoff will institute-wise and course-wise vary. Factors like availability of seats, difficulty level of exam, number of applicants who applied etc will be considered to determine the cutoff of AP EAMCET 2024.
AP EAMCET Cut Off - Previous Year's
Candidates can check the previous year's cutoff of AP EAMCET for reference purposes.
Mode of Counselling: Online, Offline
APSCHE will conduct the AP EAMCET 2024 counselling in online mode. Candidates who qualify the entrance exam and individually clear the cutoff are eligible for counselling and seat allotment process. Note that, there will not be any common AP EAMCET 2024 counselling and seat allotment process for admission to participating institutes.
Candidates have to individually apply to participating institutes as per preference. Each participating institute will create their own merit list and will invite candidates for the counselling process. However, if any candidate did not meet the eligibility criteria for admission through AP EAMCET 2024, then such a candidate will be disqualified during any stage of the admission process. The institute holds all the rights to cancel any admission form if the supported documents are not correct.
| Validity of Exam Result: | For 1 Year |
| Mode of Exam: | Online |
| Contacts: | 08842340535 |
| +3 More | |
| Relevant Links: | Official Website Link Click Here |
| +1 More |
Answer:
There will be approximately 1,53,150 seats available for admissions based on the scores secured in AP EAMCET 2024.
Answer:
The qualified candidates have to participate in the counselling of AP EAPCET . Allotment of seats will be done on the basis of merit, preferences, category, and availability of seats.
Answer:
The questions of AP EAMCET 2024 will be divided into three sections:
Answer:
Correction of qualifying exam hall ticket number during the correction period will not be allowed. However, the candidates can send in a written request along with documented proof to the Convenor, AP EAPCET 2024.
Answer:
Candidates who do not meet the domicile requirements of Andhra Pradesh/Telangana will not be able to get admissions through AP EAMCET.
Answer:
The AP EAMCET 2024 registration process commenced on March 12, 2024.
Hello student,
It is difficult to predict exact rank for your AP EAMCET marks. Based on previous years cut-offs trends, no. of seats available, caste category, no. of students applied, etc.
Based on prediction, for your AP EAMCET marks, the rank will be between 1001 to 5000 rank.
You can check details about Marks Vs Rank of AP EAMCET using below given link
https://engineering.careers360.com/articles/ap-eamcet-marks-vs-rank
Also, you can predict Colleges you can get for your AP EAMCET marks using below mentioned link.
https://www.careers360.com/ap-eamcet-college-predictor
Best Engineering Colleges in AP are given in below mentioned link.
https://engineering.careers360.com/colleges/ranking/top-engineering-colleges-in-andhra-pradesh
I hope this helps you.
Good Luck!!
Hi,
With a rank of 22897, you wont be able to get a seat in Andhra University if you are under general category. If you have any reservation, then you may have chances to get into above mentioned college.
Refer this link for any further information.
https://engineering.careers360.com/articles/ap-eamcet-college-predictor
Regards,
Ishan
Hi ,
Yes , you can get good seat in BSc agriculture based on your rank and category.
You can refer the below links to predict your colleges in Telangana and Andhra:
https://www.careers360.com/ts-eamcet-college-predictor
Based on your rank and category you can get seat in good colleges. But you didn't mention whether you belong to Telangana or AP.
Hope you find the answer.
Regards,
Ishan
Hello ,
With the above mentioned rank and category in AP EAMCET , you have decent chances of getting free seat in BSc Agriculture though AP.
The eligibility criteria for getting free agriculture seat in is that you must have an AP EAMCET rank of less than 10,000 in order to be eligible for complete fee reimbursement. Additionally, your parents must not be government employees and have an annual income of less than Rs. 2 lakhs.
Regards,
Ishan
Hi,
These are the branches (Considering General), that you may get, considering a rank of 35332 :
| Course | Category | Opening Home State rank | Closing Home State rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| B.Tech Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning | General - | 4632 | 13968 |
| B.Tech Civil Engineering | General - | 22123 | 67583 |
| B.Tech Computer Science and Engineering | General - | 789 | 15571 |
| B.Tech Cyber Security | General - | 5585 | 7560 |
| B.Tech Data Science | General - | 3290 | 12924 |
| B.Tech Electrical and Electronics Engineering | General - | 10061 | 27430 |
| B.Tech Electronics and Communication Engineering | General - | 4714 | 18364 |
| B.Tech Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering | General - | 23332 | 60540 |
| B.Tech Information Technology | General - | 7077 | 19613 |
| B.Tech Mechanical Engineering | General - | 7951 | 81330 |
Regards,
Ishan
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