HPCET Exam 2025: Counselling (Started), Result, Eligibility, Cutoff, Answer Key

Physics: Unit 01

• Physics, technology and society, SI units, fundamental and derived units
• Least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, errors in measurement, dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications

Physics: Unit 02

• Frame of reference
• Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity
• Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, releations for uniformly accelerated motion
• Scalars and vectors, vector addition and subraction, zero vector, scalar and vector products, unit vector, resolution of a vector
• Relative velocity, motion in a plane, projectile motion, uniform circular motion

Physics: Unit 03

• Force and inertia, Newton's first law of motion; momentum, Newton's second law of motion; impulse; Newton's third law of motion
• Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications, equilibrium of concurrent forces
• Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications

Physics: Unit 04

• Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work energy theorem, power
• Potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and nonconservative forces; elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

Physics: Unit 05

• Centre of mass of a two-particle system, centre of mass of a rigid body; basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications; moments of inertia, radius of gyration
• Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications
• Rigid body rotation, equations of rotational motion

Physics: Unit 06

• The universal law of graviation
• Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
• Kepler's laws of planetary motion
• Gravitational potential engery; gravitational potential
• Escape velocity
• Orbital velocity of a satellite
• Geostationary satellities

Physics: Unit 07

• Elastic behaviour, stress-strain relationship, Hooke's law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity
• Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications
• Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, stream line and turbulent flow, Reynolds number
• Bernoulli's principle and its applications
• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension-drops, bubbles and capillary rise
• Heat temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat
• Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, Newton's law of cooling

Physics: Unit 08

• Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature
• Heat, work, and internal energy
• First law of thermodynamics
• Second law of thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible process
• Carnot engine and its efficiency

Physics: Unit 09

• Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas
• Kinetic theory of gases-assumptions, concept of pressure
• Kinetic energy and temperature: RMS speed of a gas molecules; degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; mean free path, Avogadro's number

Physics: Unit 10

• Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a function of time
• Periodic functions
• Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equations; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M.-kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period;
• Free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance
• Wave motion
• Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave
• Displacement relation for a progressive wave
• Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of wave, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, beats, doppler effect in sound

Physics: Unit 11

• Electric charge: Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charge; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
• Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
• Electric flux, Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straigth wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell
• Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system pf charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field
• Conductors and insulators, dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectic medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor

Physics: Unit 12

• Electric current, drift velocity, Ohm's law, electrical resistance, resistances of different materials, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and nonohmic conductors, electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity, colour code for resistors
• Temperature dependence of resistance
• Electric cell and its internal resistance, potential difference and EMF of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel
• Kirchhoff's laws and their applications
• Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge
• Potentiometer-principle and its applications

Physics: Unit 13

• Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
• Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
• Cyclotron
• Force on a current-carring conductor in a uniform magnetic field
• Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere
• Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
• Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements
• Para-, dia- and ferro-magnetic substances
• Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, hysteresis, electromagnets and permanent magnets

Physics: Unit 14

• Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced EMF and current; Lenz’s Law, eddy currents
• Self and mutual inductance
• Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit, resonance; quality factor, power in AC circuits, wattles current
• AC generator and transformer

Physics: Unit 15

• Electromagnetic waves and characteristics
• Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays)
• Application of E.M. waves

Physics: Unit 16

• Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula, total internal reflection and its applications, deviation and dispersion of light by a prism, lens formula, magnification, power of a lens
• Combination of thin lenses in contact, microscope and astronomical telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers
• Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens’ principle, laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light
• Wave optics: Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light and polaroids

Physics: Unit 17

• Dual nature of radiation
• Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation; particle nature of light
• Matter waves-wave nature of particle, De-Broglie relation
• Davisson-Germer experiment

Physics: Unit 18

• Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum
• Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones
• Radioactivity-alpha, beta, and gamma particles/ rays and their properties; radioactive decay law
• Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion

Physics: Unit 19

• Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator
• Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator
• Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR)
• Transistor as a switch

Physics: Unit 20

• Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; sky and space wave propagation, need for modulation, amplitude and frequency modulation, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium
• Basic elements of a communication system (block diagram only)

Physics: Unit 21

• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (i) Vernier callipers-its use to measure internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel. (ii) Screw guage-its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (iii) Simple pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between square of amplitude and time. (iv) Metre scale-mass of a given object by principle of moments
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (v) Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire. (vi) Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (vii) Coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (viii) Plotting a cooling curve for the relation ship between the temperature of a hot body and time. (ix) Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (x) Specific heat capacity of a given-(a) solid and (b) liquid by method of mixtures. (xi) Resistivity of material of a given wire using metre bridge
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (xii) Resistance of a givan wire using Ohm's law. (xiii) Potentiometer-(a) comparision of EMF of two primary cells, (b) determiantion of internal resistance of a cell
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (xiv) Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (xv) Focal length of: (i) Convex mirror, (ii) concave mirror, and (iii) convex lens using parallax method
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (xvi) Plot of angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism. (xvii) Refraction index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (xviii) Characteristics curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias. (xix) Characteristics curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (xx) Characteristics curves of a transistor and finding current gain
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (xxi) Indentification of diode, LED, transistor, IC, resistor, capacitor from mixed collection of such items
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (xxii) Using multimeter to-(a) identify base of a transistor, (b) distinguish between npn and pnp type transistor
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (xxii) Using multimeter to-(c) see the unidirectional flow of currebt in case of diode and an LED
• Familiarity with basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities: (xxii) Using multimeter to-(d) check the correctness or other wise of a given electronic component (diode, transistor or IC)

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 01

• Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory; concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; physical quantities and their measurements in chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I units, dimensional analysis
• Laws of chemical combination; atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, emperical and molecular formulae; chemical equations and stoichiometry

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 02

• Classification of matter into solid, liquid, and gaseous states
• Gaseous state: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws-Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure; concept of absolute scale of temperature; ideal gas equation
• Gaseous state: Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; real gases deviation from ideal behaviour; gaseous state-compressibility factor and Van der Waals equation
• Liquid state: Properties of liquid-vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tenion and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only)
• Solid state: Classification of solids-molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg's law and its applications; unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc, and hcp lattices), voids
• Solid state: Calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; electrical and magnetic properties

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 03

• Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom-its postulates
• Derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitatons of Bohr's model; dual nature of mattter, De-Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features
• Concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave function; variation of Ψ and Ψ² with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance
• Shape of s, p, and d-orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; rules for filling electrons in orbitals-aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements
• Extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 04

• Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and convalent bonds
• Ionic bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy
• Covalent bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
• Quantum mechanical approaxch to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory-its important features, concept of hybridization involving s,p, and d orbitals; resonance
• Molecular orbital theory: Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecrlar orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma pi-bonds, molecular and orbital electronic configurations of homonucler diatomic molecules, concept of bond order
• Molecular orbital theory: Bond length and bond energy. Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 05

• Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of preocesses
• First law of thermodynamics: Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition
• First law of thermodynamics: Hydration, ionization and solution
• Second law of thermodynamics: Spontancity of process; ∆S of the universe and ∆G of the system as criteris for spontancity, ∆G° (standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 06

• Different methods for expressing concentration of solution-molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's law-ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure-composition
• Plots for ideal and-ideal solutions; colligative properties of dilute solutions-relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure
• Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; abnormal value of molar mass, Van't Hoff factor and its significance

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 07

• Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium
• Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas-and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law, general characterics of equilibrium involving physical processes
• Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of ∆G and ∆G° in chemcal equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature
• Equilibria involving chemical processes: Effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle
• Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants
• Ionic equilibrium: Ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 08

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reations
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch's law and its applications
• Electrochemical cells-electrolytic and galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, EMF of a galvanic cell and its measurement
• Nernst equation and its applications; relationship between cell potential and Gibb's energy change; dry cell lead accumulator; fuel cells

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 09

• Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reaction: Concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units
• Differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions-Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation
• Collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 10

• Adsorption: Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gasas on solids-Freundlich and langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solution
• Catalysis: Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selsectivity of solid catalysis, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism
• Colloidal state: Distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids-lyophilic, lyophobic; multimolecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids-Tyndall effect
• Colloidal state: Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; emulsions and their characteristics

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 01

• Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d, and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 02

• Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; steps involved in the extraction of metals-concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of AI, Cu, Zn, and Fe
• Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 03

• Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide
• Classification of hydrides-ionic, covalent and interstitial; hydrogen as a fuel

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 04

• Group-1 and 2 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships
• Group-1 and 2 elements: Preparation and properties of some important compounds-sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; industrial uses of lime, limestone, plaster of Paris and cement
• Group-1 and 2 elements: Biological significance of Na, K, Mg, and Ca

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 05

• Group-13 to group 18 elements: General introduction-electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-13-preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminum; structure, properties and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride and alums
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-14-tendency for catenation; structure, properties and use of allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites, and silicones
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-15-properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; allotrophic forms of phosphorus; preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorous halides (PCI₃, PCI₅)
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-15-structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-16-preparation, properties, structures and uses of ozone; allotropic forms of sulphur; preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation)
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-16-structures of oxoacids of sulphure
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-17-preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid; trends in the acidic of hydrogen halides; structures of interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-18-occurrence and uses of noble gases; structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 06

• Transition elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements-physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour
• Transition elements: Catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; preparation, properties and uses of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄
• Inner transition elements: Lanthanoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction. Actinoids: Electronic configuration and oxidation states

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 07

• Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner’s theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism
• Bonding-valance bond approach and basic ideas of crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 08

• Environmental pollution: Atmospheric, water, and soil
• Atmospheric pollution: Tropospheric and stratospheric
• Tropospheric pollutants-gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; green house effect and global warming; acid rain
• Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist-their sources, harmful effects and prevention
• Stratospheric pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer-its mechanism and effects
• Water pollution: Major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutatnts; their harmful effects and prevention
• Soil pollution: Major pollutants such as-pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention
• Strategies to control environmental pollution

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 01

• Purification: Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography-principles and their applications
• Qualitative analysis: Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens
• Quantitative analysis (basic principles only): Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae, numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 02

• Tetravalency of carbon; shapes of simple molecules-hybridization (s and p); classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: And those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur
• Homologous series; isomrism-structural and stereoisomerism
• Nomenclature (trivial and IUPAC): Covalent bond fission-homolytic and heterolytic: Free radicals, carbocates and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation
• Common types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 03

• Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preperation, properties and reactions
• Alkanes: Conformations-Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
• Alkenes: Geometrical isomerism; mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff's and peroxide effect); ozonolysis and polymerization
• Alkynes: Acidic character; addition of hydrogen, halogenes, water and hydrogen halides; polymerization
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature, benzene-structure and aromaticity, mechanism of electrophilic substitution-halogenation, nitration, Friedel-craft's alkylation and acylation, derective influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 04

• General methods of peperation, properties and reactions; nature of C-X bond; mechanisms of substitution reactions
• Uses; environmental effect of chloroform, iodoform freons and DDT

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 05

• General methods of preperation, properties, reactions and uses
• Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration
• Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reaction: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, reimer-tiemann reaction
• Ethers: Structure
• Aldehyde and ketones: Nature of carbonyl froup; nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; important reactions such as-nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH₃, and its derivatives), Gringnard reagent
• Aldehyde and ketones: Oxidation; reduction (Wolf kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of α-hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, haloform reaction; chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 06

• General Methods of Preparation, Properties, Reactions and Uses
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character
• Diazonium salts: importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 07

• General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization; natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization
• Some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses-polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 08

• General introduction and importance of biomolecules
• Carbohydrates: Classification-aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose)
• Proteins: Elementary idea of α-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; proteins: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes
• Vitamins: Classification and functions
• Nucleic acids: Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 09

• Chemicals in medicines: Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins-their meaning and common examples
• Chemicals in food: Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents-common examples
• Cleansing agents: Soaps and detergents, cleansing action

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 10

• Detection of extra elements (N,S, halogens) in organic compounds; detection of the following functional groups: Hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds
• Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds-Mohr’s salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, pnitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
• Chemistry involved in the titrimetric excercises-acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO₄, mohr’s salt vs KMnO₄
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations-Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH+₄. Anions-CO²⁻₃, S²⁻, SO²⁻₄, NO⁻₃, NO⁻₂, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻. (insoluble salts excluded)
• Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: (i) Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4, (ii) enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base, (iii) preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols
• Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: (iv) Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature

Biology-Class Xl: Unit 01

• What is living?; biodiversity; need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature; tools for study of taxonomy-museums, zoos, herbaria, botanical gardens
• Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of monera; protista and fungi into major groups; lichens; viruses and viroids
• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category)
• Angiosperms-classification up to class, characteristic features and examples
• Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples)

Biology-Class Xl: Unit 02

• Morphology and modifications; tissues; anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence-cymose and recemose, flower, fruit and seed (to be dealt along with the relevant practical of the practical syllabus)
• Animal tissues; morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach) (brief account only)

Biology-Class Xl: Unit 03

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; plant cell and animal cell; cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles-structure and function; endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultrastructure and function); nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus
• Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action
• B cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance

Biology-Class Xl: Unit 04

• Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases, and nutrients; cell to cell transport-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; plant-water relations-imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; long distance transport of water-absorption
• Transport in plants: Apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; transpiration-opening and closing of stomata; uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients-transport of food, phloem transport, mass flow hypothesis
• Transport in plants: Diffusion of gases (brief mention)
• Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; deficiency symptoms; mineral toxicity; elementary idea of hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; nitrogen metabolism-nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation
• Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis: Cyclic and noncyclic and photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis
• Respiration: Exchange gases; cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations-number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient
• Plant growth and development: Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; growth regulators-auxin
• Plant growth and development: Gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy; vernalisation

Biology-Class Xl: Unit 05

• Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; caloric value of proteins,
• Digestion and absorption: Carbohydrates and fats; egestion; nutritional and digestive disorders-PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea
• Breathing and respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration respiratory volumes
• Breathing and respiration: Disorders related to respiration-asthma, emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders
• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system-structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, double circulation
• Body fluids and circulation: Regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory system-hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure
• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion-ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system-structure and fuction; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function-renin-angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor
• Excretory products and their elimination: ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders; uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney
• Locomotion and movement: Types of movement-ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; skeletal muscle-contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions (to be dealt with the relevant practical of practical syllabus); joints
• Locomotion and movement: Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout
• Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; nervous system in humans-central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; sense organs
• Neural control and coordination: Elementary structure and function of eye and ear
• Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system-hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action (elementary idea)
• Chemical coordination and regulation: Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (common disorders e.g. dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, addison’s disease)

Biology-Class Xll: Unit 01

• Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; modes of reproduction-asexual and sexual; asexual reproduction; modes-binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation
• Reproduction in organisms: Vegetative propagation in plants
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination-types, agencies and examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Post fertilization events-development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; significance of seed and fruit formation
• Human reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis-spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation
• Human reproduction: Pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea)
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); birth control-need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis
• Reproductive health: Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)

Biology-Class Xll: Unit 02

• Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism-incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance
• Heredity and variation: Chromosomes and genes; sex determination-in humans, birds, honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance-haemophilia, colour blindness; mendelian disorders in humansthalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans
• Heredity and variation: Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation-lac operon
• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing
• Evolution: Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); darwin’s contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution
• Evolution: Mechanism of evolution-variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution

Biology-Class Xll: Unit 03

• Health and disease; pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse
• Improvement in food production; plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, biofortification; apiculture and animal husbandry
• Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers

Biology-Class Xll: Unit 04

• Principles and process of biotechnology: Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology)
• Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues-biopiracy and patents

Biology-Class Xll: Unit 05

• Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; population and ecological adaptations; population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributesgrowth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
• Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession; ecological services-carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, red data book, biosphere reserves
• Biodiversity and its conservation: National parks and sanctuaries
• Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; agrochemicals and their effects; solid waste management; radioactive waste management; greenhouse effect and global warning; ozone depletion; deforestation
• Environmental issues: Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues

Visualization: Unit 01

• three dimensional objects from two dimensional drawings,different sides of three dimensional objects

Analytical reasoning mental ability: Unit 01

Three dimensional-perception: Unit 01

Three dimensional-perception: Unit 02

Three dimensional-perception: Unit 03

Three dimensional-perception: Unit 04

Three dimensional-perception: Unit 05

Three dimensional-perception: Unit 06

Three dimensional-perception: Unit 07

Three dimensional-perception: Unit 08

Three dimensional-perception: Unit 09

Three dimensional-perception: Unit 10

Three dimensional-perception: Unit 11

Three dimensional-perception: Unit 12

Three dimensional-perception: Unit 13

• Public space, market, festivals, street scenes, monuments, recreational spaces, etc

Three dimensional-perception: Unit 14

• River fronts, jungles, gardens, trees, plants, etc

General knowledge: Unit 01

General knowledge: Unit 02

General knowledge: Unit 03

General knowledge: Unit 04

General knowledge: Unit 05

General knowledge: Unit 06

General knowledge: Unit 07

General knowledge: Unit 08

General knowledge: Unit 09

General knowledge: Unit 10

General knowledge: Unit 11

General knowledge: Unit 12

General knowledge: Unit 13

General knowledge: Unit 14

General knowledge: Unit 15

General knowledge: Unit 16

General knowledge: Unit 17

General knowledge: Unit 18

General knowledge: Unit 19

Reasoning: Unit 01

Reasoning: Unit 02

Reasoning: Unit 03

Reasoning: Unit 04

Reasoning: Unit 05

Reasoning: Unit 06

Reasoning: Unit 07

Reasoning: Unit 08

Reasoning: Unit 09

Reasoning: Unit 10

Reasoning: Unit 11

Reasoning: Unit 12

Reasoning: Unit 13

Reasoning: Unit 14

Reasoning: Unit 15

Reasoning: Unit 16

Reasoning: Unit 17

Reasoning: Unit 18

Reasoning: Unit 19

Reasoning: Unit 20

Reasoning: Unit 21

Reasoning: Unit 22

Reasoning: Unit 23

Data interpretation: Unit 01

• Column graphs, bar graphs, line charts, pie chart, graphs representing area, Venn diagram, etc

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 01

• Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory; concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; physical quantities and their measurements in chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I units, dimensional analysis
• Laws of chemical combination; atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, emperical and molecular formulae; chemical equations and stoichiometry

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 02

• Classification of matter into solid, liquid, and gaseous states
• Gaseous state: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws-Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure; concept of absolute scale of temperature; ideal gas equation
• Gaseous state: Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; real gases deviation from ideal behaviour; gaseous state-compressibility factor and Van der Waals equation
• Liquid state: Properties of liquid-vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tenion and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only)
• Solid state: Classification of solids-molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg's law and its applications; unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc, and hcp lattices), voids
• Solid state: Calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; electrical and magnetic properties

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 03

• Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom-its postulates
• Derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitatons of Bohr's model; dual nature of mattter, De-Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features
• Concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave function; variation of Ψ and Ψ² with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance
• Shape of s, p, and d-orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; rules for filling electrons in orbitals-aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements
• Extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 04

• Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and convalent bonds
• Ionic bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy
• Covalent bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
• Quantum mechanical approaxch to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory-its important features, concept of hybridization involving s,p, and d orbitals; resonance
• Molecular orbital theory: Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecrlar orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma pi-bonds, molecular and orbital electronic configurations of homonucler diatomic molecules, concept of bond order
• Molecular orbital theory: Bond length and bond energy. Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 05

• Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of preocesses
• First law of thermodynamics: Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition
• First law of thermodynamics: Hydration, ionization and solution
• Second law of thermodynamics: Spontancity of process; ∆S of the universe and ∆G of the system as criteris for spontancity, ∆G° (standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 06

• Different methods for expressing concentration of solution-molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's law-ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure-composition
• Plots for ideal and-ideal solutions; colligative properties of dilute solutions-relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure
• Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; abnormal value of molar mass, Van't Hoff factor and its significance

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 07

• Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium
• Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas-and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law, general characterics of equilibrium involving physical processes
• Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of ∆G and ∆G° in chemcal equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature
• Equilibria involving chemical processes: Effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle
• Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants
• Ionic equilibrium: Ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 08

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reations
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch's law and its applications
• Electrochemical cells-electrolytic and galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, EMF of a galvanic cell and its measurement
• Nernst equation and its applications; relationship between cell potential and Gibb's energy change; dry cell lead accumulator; fuel cells

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 09

• Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reaction: Concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units
• Differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions-Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation
• Collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)

Chemistry-Physical chemistry: Unit 10

• Adsorption: Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gasas on solids-Freundlich and langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solution
• Catalysis: Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selsectivity of solid catalysis, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism
• Colloidal state: Distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids-lyophilic, lyophobic; multimolecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids-Tyndall effect
• Colloidal state: Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; emulsions and their characteristics

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 01

• Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d, and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 02

• Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; steps involved in the extraction of metals-concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of AI, Cu, Zn, and Fe
• Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 03

• Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide
• Classification of hydrides-ionic, covalent and interstitial; hydrogen as a fuel

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 04

• Group-1 and 2 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships
• Group-1 and 2 elements: Preparation and properties of some important compounds-sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; industrial uses of lime, limestone, plaster of Paris and cement
• Group-1 and 2 elements: Biological significance of Na, K, Mg, and Ca

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 05

• Group-13 to group 18 elements: General introduction-electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-13-preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminum; structure, properties and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride and alums
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-14-tendency for catenation; structure, properties and use of allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites, and silicones
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-15-properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; allotrophic forms of phosphorus; preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorous halides (PCI₃, PCI₅)
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-15-structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-16-preparation, properties, structures and uses of ozone; allotropic forms of sulphur; preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation)
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-16-structures of oxoacids of sulphure
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-17-preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid; trends in the acidic of hydrogen halides; structures of interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements: Group-18-occurrence and uses of noble gases; structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 06

• Transition elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements-physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour
• Transition elements: Catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; preparation, properties and uses of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄
• Inner transition elements: Lanthanoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction. Actinoids: Electronic configuration and oxidation states

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 07

• Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner’s theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism
• Bonding-valance bond approach and basic ideas of crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)

Chemistry-Inorganic chemistry: Unit 08

• Environmental pollution: Atmospheric, water, and soil
• Atmospheric pollution: Tropospheric and stratospheric
• Tropospheric pollutants-gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; green house effect and global warming; acid rain
• Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist-their sources, harmful effects and prevention
• Stratospheric pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer-its mechanism and effects
• Water pollution: Major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutatnts; their harmful effects and prevention
• Soil pollution: Major pollutants such as-pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention
• Strategies to control environmental pollution

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 01

• Purification: Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography-principles and their applications
• Qualitative analysis: Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens
• Quantitative analysis (basic principles only): Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae, numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 02

• Tetravalency of carbon; shapes of simple molecules-hybridization (s and p); classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: And those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur
• Homologous series; isomrism-structural and stereoisomerism
• Nomenclature (trivial and IUPAC): Covalent bond fission-homolytic and heterolytic: Free radicals, carbocates and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation
• Common types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 03

• Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preperation, properties and reactions
• Alkanes: Conformations-Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
• Alkenes: Geometrical isomerism; mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff's and peroxide effect); ozonolysis and polymerization
• Alkynes: Acidic character; addition of hydrogen, halogenes, water and hydrogen halides; polymerization
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature, benzene-structure and aromaticity, mechanism of electrophilic substitution-halogenation, nitration, Friedel-craft's alkylation and acylation, derective influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 04

• General methods of peperation, properties and reactions; nature of C-X bond; mechanisms of substitution reactions
• Uses; environmental effect of chloroform, iodoform freons and DDT

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 05

• General methods of preperation, properties, reactions and uses
• Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration
• Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reaction: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, reimer-tiemann reaction
• Ethers: Structure
• Aldehyde and ketones: Nature of carbonyl froup; nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; important reactions such as-nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH₃, and its derivatives), Gringnard reagent
• Aldehyde and ketones: Oxidation; reduction (Wolf kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of α-hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, haloform reaction; chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 06

• General Methods of Preparation, Properties, Reactions and Uses
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character
• Diazonium salts: importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 07

• General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization; natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization
• Some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses-polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 08

• General introduction and importance of biomolecules
• Carbohydrates: Classification-aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose)
• Proteins: Elementary idea of α-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; proteins: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes
• Vitamins: Classification and functions
• Nucleic acids: Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 09

• Chemicals in medicines: Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins-their meaning and common examples
• Chemicals in food: Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents-common examples
• Cleansing agents: Soaps and detergents, cleansing action

Chemistry-Organic chemistry: Unit 10

• Detection of extra elements (N,S, halogens) in organic compounds; detection of the following functional groups: Hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds
• Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds-Mohr’s salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, pnitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
• Chemistry involved in the titrimetric excercises-acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO₄, mohr’s salt vs KMnO₄
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations-Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH+₄. Anions-CO²⁻₃, S²⁻, SO²⁻₄, NO⁻₃, NO⁻₂, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻. (insoluble salts excluded)
• Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: (i) Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4, (ii) enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base, (iii) preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols
• Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: (iv) Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature

Biology-Class Xl: Unit 01

• What is living?; biodiversity; need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature; tools for study of taxonomy-museums, zoos, herbaria, botanical gardens
• Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of monera; protista and fungi into major groups; lichens; viruses and viroids
• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category)
• Angiosperms-classification up to class, characteristic features and examples
• Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples)

Biology-Class Xl: Unit 02

• Morphology and modifications; tissues; anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence-cymose and recemose, flower, fruit and seed (to be dealt along with the relevant practical of the practical syllabus)
• Animal tissues; morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach) (brief account only)

Biology-Class Xl: Unit 03

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; plant cell and animal cell; cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles-structure and function; endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultrastructure and function); nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus
• Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action
• B cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance

Biology-Class Xl: Unit 04

• Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases, and nutrients; cell to cell transport-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; plant-water relations-imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; long distance transport of water-absorption
• Transport in plants: Apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; transpiration-opening and closing of stomata; uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients-transport of food, phloem transport, mass flow hypothesis
• Transport in plants: Diffusion of gases (brief mention)
• Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; deficiency symptoms; mineral toxicity; elementary idea of hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; nitrogen metabolism-nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation
• Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis: Cyclic and noncyclic and photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis
• Respiration: Exchange gases; cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations-number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient
• Plant growth and development: Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; growth regulators-auxin
• Plant growth and development: Gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy; vernalisation

Biology-Class Xl: Unit 05

• Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; caloric value of proteins,
• Digestion and absorption: Carbohydrates and fats; egestion; nutritional and digestive disorders-PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea
• Breathing and respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration respiratory volumes
• Breathing and respiration: Disorders related to respiration-asthma, emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders
• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system-structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, double circulation
• Body fluids and circulation: Regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory system-hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure
• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion-ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system-structure and fuction; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function-renin-angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor
• Excretory products and their elimination: ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders; uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney
• Locomotion and movement: Types of movement-ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; skeletal muscle-contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions (to be dealt with the relevant practical of practical syllabus); joints
• Locomotion and movement: Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout
• Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; nervous system in humans-central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; sense organs
• Neural control and coordination: Elementary structure and function of eye and ear
• Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system-hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action (elementary idea)
• Chemical coordination and regulation: Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (common disorders e.g. dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, addison’s disease)

Biology-Class Xll: Unit 01

• Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; modes of reproduction-asexual and sexual; asexual reproduction; modes-binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation
• Reproduction in organisms: Vegetative propagation in plants
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination-types, agencies and examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Post fertilization events-development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; significance of seed and fruit formation
• Human reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis-spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation
• Human reproduction: Pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea)
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); birth control-need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis
• Reproductive health: Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)

Biology-Class Xll: Unit 02

• Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism-incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance
• Heredity and variation: Chromosomes and genes; sex determination-in humans, birds, honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance-haemophilia, colour blindness; mendelian disorders in humansthalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans
• Heredity and variation: Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes
• Molecular basis of inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation-lac operon
• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing
• Evolution: Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); darwin’s contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution
• Evolution: Mechanism of evolution-variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution

Biology-Class Xll: Unit 03

• Health and disease; pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse
• Improvement in food production; plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, biofortification; apiculture and animal husbandry
• Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers

Biology-Class Xll: Unit 04

• Principles and process of biotechnology: Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology)
• Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues-biopiracy and patents

Biology-Class Xll: Unit 05

• Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; population and ecological adaptations; population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributesgrowth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
• Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession; ecological services-carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, red data book, biosphere reserves
• Biodiversity and its conservation: National parks and sanctuaries
• Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; agrochemicals and their effects; solid waste management; radioactive waste management; greenhouse effect and global warning; ozone depletion; deforestation
• Environmental issues: Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues

Quantitative ability: Unit 01

• Lines, angles, triangles, spheres, rectangles, cube, cone, etc.

Quantitative ability: Unit 02

Quantitative ability: Unit 03

Quantitative ability: Unit 04

Quantitative ability: Unit 05

Quantitative ability: Unit 06

Quantitative ability: Unit 07

Quantitative ability: Unit 08

Quantitative ability: Unit 09

Quantitative ability: Unit 10

Quantitative ability: Unit 11

Quantitative ability: Unit 12

Quantitative ability: Unit 13

Quantitative ability: Unit 14

Quantitative ability: Unit 15

Quantitative ability: Unit 16

Quantitative ability: Unit 17

Quantitative ability: Unit 18

Quantitative ability: Unit 19

Quantitative ability: Unit 20

Quantitative ability: Unit 21

Quantitative ability: Unit 22

Quantitative ability: Unit 23

Quantitative ability: Unit 24

Quantitative ability: Unit 25

Quantitative ability: Unit 26

Quantitative ability: Unit 27

Quantitative ability: Unit 28

Quantitative ability: Unit 29

Quantitative ability: Unit 30

Quantitative ability: Unit 31

Quantitative ability: Unit 32

Quantitative ability: Unit 33

Quantitative ability: Unit 34

Quantitative ability: Unit 35

Quantitative ability: Unit 36

Quantitative ability: Unit 37

Quantitative ability: Unit 38

Quantitative ability: Unit 39

Data interpretation and reasoning: Unit 01

• Column graphs, bar graphs, line charts, pie chart, graphs representing area, Venn diagram, etc

Data interpretation and reasoning: Unit 02

• Critical reasoning, visual reasoning, assumption-premise-conclusion, assertion and reasons, statements and assumptions, identifying valid inferences, identifying arguments, statements and conclusions, cause and effect
• Identifying probably true probably false, definitely true definitely false kind of statement, linear arrangements, matrix arrangements (puzzles, syllogisms, functions), family tree-identifying relationship among group of people, symbol based problems
• Coding and decoding, sequencing

Business awareness: Unit 01

Business awareness: Unit 02

Business awareness: Unit 03

Business awareness: Unit 04

Business awareness: Unit 05

Business awareness: Unit 06

Business awareness: Unit 07

Business awareness: Unit 08

Business awareness: Unit 09

Business awareness: Unit 10

Business awareness: Unit 11

Business awareness: Unit 12

Business awareness: Unit 13

Business awareness: Unit 14

Business awareness: Unit 15

Business awareness: Unit 16

Business awareness: Unit 17

Business awareness: Unit 18

Business awareness: Unit 19

Business awareness: Unit 20

Quantitative ability: Unit 01

• Lines, angles, triangles, spheres, rectangles, cube, cone, etc

Quantitative ability: Unit 02

Quantitative ability: Unit 03

Quantitative ability: Unit 04

Quantitative ability: Unit 05

Quantitative ability: Unit 06

Quantitative ability: Unit 07

Quantitative ability: Unit 08

Quantitative ability: Unit 09

Quantitative ability: Unit 10

Quantitative ability: Unit 11

Quantitative ability: Unit 12

Quantitative ability: Unit 13

Quantitative ability: Unit 14

Quantitative ability: Unit 15

Quantitative ability: Unit 16

Quantitative ability: Unit 17

Quantitative ability: Unit 18

Quantitative ability: Unit 19

Quantitative ability: Unit 20

Quantitative ability: Unit 21

Quantitative ability: Unit 22

Quantitative ability: Unit 23

Quantitative ability: Unit 24

Quantitative ability: Unit 25

Quantitative ability: Unit 26

Quantitative ability: Unit 27

Quantitative ability: Unit 28

Quantitative ability: Unit 29

Quantitative ability: Unit 30

Quantitative ability: Unit 31

Quantitative ability: Unit 32

Quantitative ability: Unit 33

Quantitative ability: Unit 34

Quantitative ability: Unit 35

Quantitative ability: Unit 36

Quantitative ability: Unit 37

Quantitative ability: Unit 38

Quantitative ability: Unit 39

Data interpretation and reasoning: Unit 01

• Column graphs, bar graphs, line charts, pie chart, graphs representing area, Venn diagram, etc

Data interpretation and reasoning: Unit 02

• Critical reasoning, visual reasoning, assumption-premise-conclusion, assertion and reasons, statements and assumptions, identifying valid inferences, identifying arguments, statements and conclusions, cause and effect
• Identifying probably true probably false, definitely true definitely false kind of statement, linear arrangements, matrix arrangements (puzzles, syllogisms, functions), family tree-identifying relationship among group of people, symbol based problems
• Coding and decoding, sequencing

Computer awareness: Unit 01

Computer awareness: Unit 02

Computer awareness: Unit 03

Computer awareness: Unit 04

Computer awareness: Unit 05

Computer awareness: Unit 06

Computer awareness: Unit 07

Computer awareness: Unit 08

Computer awareness: Unit 09

Computer awareness: Unit 10