SAAT 2026 Exam: Application Form, Exam Date, Pattern, Eligibility, Syllabus, Admit Card

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory; concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; physical quantities and their measurements in chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. units, dimensional analysis
• Laws of chemical combination; atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae, chemical equations and stoichiometry

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Classification of matter into solid, liquid, and gaseous states
• Gaseous state: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws-Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure; concept of absolute scale of temperature; ideal gas equation
• Gaseous state: Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; real gases, deviation from ideal behaviour, compressibility factor and Van der Waals equation
• Liquid State: Properties of liquids-vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only)
• Solid state: Classification of solids-molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg's law and its applications; unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc, and hcp lattices), voids
• Solid state: Calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom-its postulates
• Derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; dual nature of matter, De-Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features, concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions; variation of and 2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals
• Various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance, shapes of s, p, and d-orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; rules for filling electrons in orbitals-Aufbau principle
• Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds
• Ionic bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy
• Covalent bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
• Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory-its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; resonance
• Molecular orbital theory-its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order
• Molecular orbital theory-bond length and bond energy
• Elementary idea of metallic bonding
• Hydrogen bonding and its applications

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes
• First law of thermodynamics-concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition
• First law of thermodynamics-hydration, ionization and solution
• Second law of thermodynamics; spontaneity of processes; S of the universe and G of the system as criteria for spontaneity, G0 (standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Different methods for expressing concentration of solution-molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law-Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure-composition
• Plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties of dilute solutions-relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure
• Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; abnormal value of molar mass, Van't Hoff factor and its significance

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium
• Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas, and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes
• Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of G and G0 in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature
• Equilibria involving chemical processes: Effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle
• Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants
• Ionic equilibrium: Ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly, soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch's law and its applications
• Electrochemical cells-electrolytic and galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, EMF of a galvanic cell and its measurement
• Nernst equation and its applications; relationship between cell potential and Gibbs energy change; dry cell and lead accumulator; fuel cells

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: Concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units
• Differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions-Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation
• Collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids-Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions
• Colloidal state-distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids-lyophilic, lyophobic; multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids-Tyndall effect
• Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; emulsions and their characteristics

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d, and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; steps involved in the extraction of metals-concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn, and Fe
• Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties, and uses of hydrogen; physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; structure, preparation, reactions, and uses of hydrogen peroxide; hydrogen as a fuel

Chemistry: Unit 14

• Group-1 and 2 elements general introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships
• Preparation and properties of some important compounds-sodium carbonate and sodium; industrial uses of lime, limestone, plaster of Paris and cement; biological significance of Na, K, Mg, and Ca

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Group-13 to Group 18 elements general introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements group-13: Preparation, properties, and uses of boron and aluminium; properties of boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride, and alums
• Group-14: Allotropes of carbon, tendency for catenation; structure and properties of silicates, and zeolites
• Group-15: Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; allotrophic forms of phosphorus; preparation, properties, structure, and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5)
• Group-15: Structures of oxides and oxoacids of phosphorus
• Group-16: Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of ozone; allotropic forms of sulphur; preparation, properties, structures, and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); structures of oxoacids of sulphur
• Group-17: Preparation, properties, and uses of hydrochloric acid; trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; structures of interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens
• Group-18: Occurrence and uses of noble gases; structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon

Chemistry: Unit 16

• Transition elements general introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics
• General trends in properties of the first row transition elements-physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
• Preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4, inner transition elements lanthanoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction
• Actinoids-electronic configuration and oxidation states

Chemistry: Unit 17

• Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism; bonding-valence bond approach and basic ideas of crystal field theory
• Colour and magnetic properties; importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)

Chemistry: Unit 18

• Environmental pollution-atmospheric, water, and soil
• Atmospheric pollution-tropospheric and stratospheric, tropospheric pollutants-gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; green house effect and global warming; acid rain
• Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects, and prevention
• Stratospheric pollution-formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer-its mechanism and effects
• Water pollution-major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention
• Soil pollution-major pollutants such as: Pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention
• Strategies to control environmental pollution

Chemistry: Unit 19

• Purification-crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography-principles and their applications
• Qualitative analysis-detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens
• Quantitative analysis (basic principles only)-estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus
• Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis

Chemistry: Unit 20

• Tetravalency of carbon; shapes of simple molecules-hybridization (s and p); classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: – C = C – , – C h C – and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; homologous series
• Isomerism-structural and stereoisomerism
• Nomenclature (trivial and IUPAC), covalent bond fission-homolytic and heterolytic: Free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond-inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation
• Common types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement

Chemistry: Unit 21

• Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions
• Alkanes-conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
• Alkenes-geometrical isomerism; mechanism of electrophilic addition: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff's and peroxide effect); ozonolysis and polymerization
• Alkynes-acidic character; addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; polymerization
• Aromatic hydrocarbons-nomenclature, benzene-structure and aromaticity; mechanism of electrophilic substitution: Halogenation, nitration, Friedel-Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene

Chemistry: Unit 22

• General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; nature of C-X bond; mechanisms of substitution reactions
• Uses; environmental effects of chloroform and iodoform

Chemistry: Unit 23

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Alcohols-identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration. Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: Halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer-Tiemann reaction
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Ethers-structure. Aldehyde and ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Aldehyde and ketones-important reactions such as-nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of hydrogen
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Aldehyde and ketones-aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, haloform reaction; chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones
• Carboxylic acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it

Chemistry: Unit 24

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character
• Diazonium salts: importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry: Unit 25

• General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization; natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization
• Some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses-polythene, nylon, polyester, and Bakelite

Chemistry: Unit 26

• General introduction and importance of biomolecules
• Carbohydrates-classification: Aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosacchorides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
• Proteins-elementary idea of-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; proteins: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes
• Vitamins-classification and functions
• Nucleic acids-chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids

Chemistry: Unit 27

• Chemicals in medicines-analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins-their meaning and common examples
• Chemicals in food-preservatives, artificial sweetening agents-common examples
• Cleansing agents-soaps and detergents, cleansing action

Mathematics: Unit 01

• Sets and their representation; union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; power set; relation, types of relations, equivalence relations functions; one-one, into and onto functions, composition of functions

Mathematics: Unit 02

• Complex numbers as ordered pair of reals, representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number
• Square root of a complex number, triangle inequality, quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions
• Relation between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots

Mathematics: Unit 03

• Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices, determinants and matrices of order two and three
• Properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants
• Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations, test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices

Mathematics: Unit 04

• Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection, meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications

Mathematics: Unit 05

• Principle of mathematical induction and its simple applications

Mathematics: Unit 06

• Binomial theorem for positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of binomial coefficients and simple applications

Mathematics: Unit 07

• Arithmetic and geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers
• Relation between a.m. and g.m
• Sum upto n terms of special series: Sn, Sn2, Sn3
• Arithmetico-Geometric progression

Mathematics: Unit 08

• Real-valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse functions
• Graphs of simple functions
• Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions
• Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order upto two
• Rolle's and Lagrange's mean value theorems
• Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic-increasing and decreasing functions, maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normals

Mathematics: Unit 09

• Integral as an anti-derivative
• Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions
• Integration by substitution, by parts, and by partial fractions
• Integration using trigonometric identities
• Integral as limit of a sum
• Fundamental theorem of calculus
• Properties of definite integrals
• Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form

Mathematics: Unit 10

• Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree
• Formation of differential equations
• Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations of the type: dy/dx+p(x)y=q(x)

Mathematics: Unit 11

• Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, section formula, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes
• Straight lines various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, equations of internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines
• Coordinates of centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines
• Circles, conic sections standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given
• Points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent
• Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency

Mathematics: Unit 12

• Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines
• Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation
• Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines

Mathematics: Unit 13

• Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product

Mathematics: Unit 14

• Measures of dispersion: Calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data
• Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and binomial distribution

Mathematics: Unit 15

• Trigonometrical identities and equations
• Trigonometrical functions
• Inverse trigonometrical functions and their properties
• Heights and distances

Mathematics: Unit 16

• Statements, logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if
• Understanding of tautology, contradiction, converse and contrapositive

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory; concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; physical quantities and their measurements in chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. units, dimensional analysis
• Laws of chemical combination; atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae, chemical equations and stoichiometry

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Classification of matter into solid, liquid, and gaseous states
• Gaseous state: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws-Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure; concept of absolute scale of temperature; ideal gas equation
• Gaseous state: Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; real gases, deviation from ideal behaviour, compressibility factor and Van der Waals equation
• Liquid State: Properties of liquids-vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only)
• Solid state: Classification of solids-molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg's law and its applications; unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc, and hcp lattices), voids
• Solid state: Calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom-its postulates
• Derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; dual nature of matter, De-Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features, concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions; variation of and 2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals
• Various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance, shapes of s, p, and d-orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; rules for filling electrons in orbitals-Aufbau principle
• Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds
• Ionic bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy
• Covalent bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
• Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory-its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; resonance
• Molecular orbital theory-its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order
• Molecular orbital theory-bond length and bond energy
• Elementary idea of metallic bonding
• Hydrogen bonding and its applications

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes
• First law of thermodynamics-concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition
• First law of thermodynamics-hydration, ionization and solution
• Second law of thermodynamics; spontaneity of processes; S of the universe and G of the system as criteria for spontaneity, G0 (standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Different methods for expressing concentration of solution-molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law-Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure-composition
• Plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties of dilute solutions-relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure
• Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; abnormal value of molar mass, Van't Hoff factor and its significance

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium
• Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas, and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes
• Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of G and G0 in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature
• Equilibria involving chemical processes: Effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle
• Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants
• Ionic equilibrium: Ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly, soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch's law and its applications
• Electrochemical cells-electrolytic and galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, EMF of a galvanic cell and its measurement
• Nernst equation and its applications; relationship between cell potential and Gibbs energy change; dry cell and lead accumulator; fuel cells

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: Concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units
• Differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions-Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation
• Collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids-Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions
• Colloidal state-distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids-lyophilic, lyophobic; multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids-Tyndall effect
• Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; emulsions and their characteristics

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d, and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; steps involved in the extraction of metals-concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn, and Fe
• Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties, and uses of hydrogen; physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; structure, preparation, reactions, and uses of hydrogen peroxide; hydrogen as a fuel

Chemistry: Unit 14

• Group-1 and 2 elements general introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships
• Preparation and properties of some important compounds-sodium carbonate and sodium; industrial uses of lime, limestone, plaster of Paris and cement; biological significance of Na, K, Mg, and Ca

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Group-13 to Group 18 elements general introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements group-13: Preparation, properties, and uses of boron and aluminium; properties of boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride, and alums
• Group-14: Allotropes of carbon, tendency for catenation; structure and properties of silicates, and zeolites
• Group-15: Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; allotrophic forms of phosphorus; preparation, properties, structure, and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5)
• Group-15: Structures of oxides and oxoacids of phosphorus
• Group-16: Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of ozone; allotropic forms of sulphur; preparation, properties, structures, and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); structures of oxoacids of sulphur
• Group-17: Preparation, properties, and uses of hydrochloric acid; trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; structures of interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens
• Group-18: Occurrence and uses of noble gases; structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon

Chemistry: Unit 16

• Transition elements general introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics
• General trends in properties of the first row transition elements-physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
• Preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4, inner transition elements lanthanoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction
• Actinoids-electronic configuration and oxidation states

Chemistry: Unit 17

• Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism; bonding-valence bond approach and basic ideas of crystal field theory
• Colour and magnetic properties; importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)

Chemistry: Unit 18

• Environmental pollution-atmospheric, water, and soil
• Atmospheric pollution-tropospheric and stratospheric, tropospheric pollutants-gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; green house effect and global warming; acid rain
• Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects, and prevention
• Stratospheric pollution-formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer-its mechanism and effects
• Water pollution-major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention
• Soil pollution-major pollutants such as: Pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention
• Strategies to control environmental pollution

Chemistry: Unit 19

• Purification-crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography-principles and their applications
• Qualitative analysis-detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens
• Quantitative analysis (basic principles only)-estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus
• Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis

Chemistry: Unit 20

• Tetravalency of carbon; shapes of simple molecules-hybridization (s and p); classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: – C = C – , – C h C – and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; homologous series
• Isomerism-structural and stereoisomerism
• Nomenclature (trivial and IUPAC), covalent bond fission-homolytic and heterolytic: Free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond-inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation
• Common types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement

Chemistry: Unit 21

• Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions
• Alkanes-conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
• Alkenes-geometrical isomerism; mechanism of electrophilic addition: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff's and peroxide effect); ozonolysis and polymerization
• Alkynes-acidic character; addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; polymerization
• Aromatic hydrocarbons-nomenclature, benzene-structure and aromaticity; mechanism of electrophilic substitution: Halogenation, nitration, Friedel-Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene

Chemistry: Unit 22

• General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; nature of C-X bond; mechanisms of substitution reactions
• Uses; environmental effects of chloroform and iodoform

Chemistry: Unit 23

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Alcohols-identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration. Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: Halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer-Tiemann reaction
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Ethers-structure. Aldehyde and ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Aldehyde and ketones-important reactions such as-nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of hydrogen
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Aldehyde and ketones-aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, haloform reaction; chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones
• Carboxylic acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it

Chemistry: Unit 24

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character
• Diazonium salts: importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry: Unit 25

• General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization; natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization
• Some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses-polythene, nylon, polyester, and Bakelite

Chemistry: Unit 26

• General introduction and importance of biomolecules
• Carbohydrates-classification: Aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosacchorides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
• Proteins-elementary idea of-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; proteins: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes
• Vitamins-classification and functions
• Nucleic acids-chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids

Chemistry: Unit 27

• Chemicals in medicines-analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins-their meaning and common examples
• Chemicals in food-preservatives, artificial sweetening agents-common examples
• Cleansing agents-soaps and detergents, cleansing action

Biology: Unit 01

• History, botanical studies, branches of botany, brief classification of plant kingdom
• Scope of botany, cell biology, cell theory

Biology: Unit 02

• Structure of typical plant cell, cell wall and cell membrane, protoplasm-physical and chemical nature, cell organelle-structure and functions, nucleus, iysosomes, golgi bodies, plastids, ribosomes, mitochondria, chromosomes, spherosomes
• Important compounds of cell, water, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, nucleotides, nucleic acids
• Cell inclusions, physical and chemical nature and functions of enzymes, vitamins and hormones, mode of enzyme action, cell cycle, mitosis; meiosis

Biology: Unit 03

• Meristematic tissues, permanent, simple and complex tissues, internal structure of dicot and monocot systems and roots, internal structure of isobilateral and dorsiventral with functions of different tissues, normal, secondary growth in dicot stems

Biology: Unit 04

• Normal and modified stems, roots and leaves, inflorescence, flower and its parts, floral diagram and floral formula, pollination, fertilization, fruits

Biology: Unit 05

• Principle and units of classification (species, genus, family), knowledge of important families and their economic importance

Biology: Unit 06

• Genetics (elementary knowledge), mitosis and meiosis and their significance, principle of Mendel's law of inheritance, monohybrid and dihybrid ratio, concept of gene, elementary idea of gene action, evolution, evidence, theories and mechanism of evolution
• Variation and mutation, role of mutation in agriculture, origin of species

Biology: Unit 07

• Elementary idea and economic importance of virus, bacteria, fungi, algae, and lichen, elementary idea of gryophytes, pterodophytes, and gymnosperms

Biology: Unit 08

• Absorption and transport of water and minerals, transpiration, stomatal mechanism, life energy and ATP, respiration and fermentation, photosynthesis, elementary idea of protein synthesis, growth, reproduction
• Movements (with special reference to geotropism and phototropism)

Biology: Unit 09

• Man and his environment, biotic community, ecological adaptations (hydrophytes and xerophytes)

Biology: Unit 10

• Agricultural crops-brief description and economic importance of crop plants like rice, gram (green gram) jute, groundnut, sugarcane, and potato

Biology: Unit 11

• Control of blight in rice, rot of sugarcane, forestry, genetic conservation and crop improvement

Biology: Unit 12

• Recombinant DNA, gene library, transgenic plants, fermentation, bakery, antibiotics, monochloral antibodies

Biology: Unit 13

• Definition, scope, and branch of zoology
• Species concept, bionomical nomenclature, classification, scientific name of some common animals: Fishes-rohu, bhakura, mrigal, amphibians-frog, toad, reptiles-house lizard, garden lizard, crocodile, turtle, snakes-cobra, krait, birds-fowl
• Peacock, pigeon, mammals-tiger, lion, elephant, cat, dog, cow, rabbit and man

Biology: Unit 14

• General characters of the phylum, protozoa, classification-amoeba, entamoeba, paramoecium, euglena, trypanosoma, plasmodium

Biology: Unit 15

• Concept of body plan, symmetry, coelom, germ layers homeothermic and poikilothermic animals
• General characters of non-chordata like-porifera, coelenterata, platy helminthes, nematahelminthes, annelida, arthopoda, mollusca, echinodermata and hemichordata

Biology: Unit 16

• Animal tissues-types-epithelial, connective (details about blood and lymph), muscular and nervous-organs and organ systems

Biology: Unit 17

• Locomotory organelles in protozoans, hydra, annelid, brief account of joints and muscles in movement of man, modes of nutrition-nutrition in amoeba
• Digestive system of man-structure and function of alimentary canal associated glands, physiology of digestion and absorption

Biology: Unit 18

• Structure and function of respiratory system in man: Respiratory organs, mechanics of pulmonary respiration, pulmonary exchange of gas, transport of gases, glycolysis and Kreb's cycle, respiratory quotient

Biology: Unit 19

• Organs, digestion, and absorption

Biology: Unit 20

• Open circulation, closed circulatory system in man: Structure of heart, cardiac cycle, arteries, veins, capillaries, portal system, coronary circulation, blood pressure, respiratory pigments, group, and coagulation

Biology: Unit 21

• Structure and function of kidney

Biology: Unit 22

• Nervous system-central, peripheral and autonomic sense organs, endocrine system, mechanism of hormone action

Biology: Unit 23

• Asexual, binary, and multiple fission, budding, cellular growth, re-generation, ageing
• Sexual reproduction in man-male and female reproductive system, menstrual cycle

Biology: Unit 24

• Chromosomes and heredity: Heredity and variation, Mendelian principle, laws of heredity, chromosomes, interaction of genes, chromosomal variation

Biology: Unit 25

• Origin of life anatomical, embryological biochemical, paleontological, and biogeographical evidences of evolutions, Darwin's theory of natural selection, modern synthetic theory

Biology: Unit 26

• Meaning of ecology environment, habitat and niche, biosphere and ecosystem, ecological adaptations, biodiversity
• Environmental pollution-source, effects and control of air, water, and sound pollution, deforestation, global warming, climate change

Biology: Unit 27

• Non communicable diseases-diabetes and cardiac diseases
• Communicable diseases like, amoebiasis, filariasis, malaria (mode of inflection-pathogens, prevention, and treatment)

Biology: Unit 28

• Cells, immune system, and their function, immune deficiency in AIDS

Biology: Unit 29

• Importance of wildlife, causes of extinction, threatened species-endangered, vulnerable and rare species, conservation of wild life

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory; concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; physical quantities and their measurements in chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. units, dimensional analysis
• Laws of chemical combination; atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae, chemical equations and stoichiometry

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Classification of matter into solid, liquid, and gaseous states
• Gaseous state: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws-Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure; concept of absolute scale of temperature; ideal gas equation
• Gaseous state: Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; real gases, deviation from ideal behaviour, compressibility factor and Van der Waals equation
• Liquid State: Properties of liquids-vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only)
• Solid state: Classification of solids-molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg's law and its applications; unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc, and hcp lattices), voids
• Solid state: Calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom-its postulates
• Derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; dual nature of matter, De-Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features, concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions; variation of and 2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals
• Various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance, shapes of s, p, and d-orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; rules for filling electrons in orbitals-Aufbau principle
• Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds
• Ionic bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy
• Covalent bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
• Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory-its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; resonance
• Molecular orbital theory-its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order
• Molecular orbital theory-bond length and bond energy
• Elementary idea of metallic bonding
• Hydrogen bonding and its applications

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes
• First law of thermodynamics-concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition
• First law of thermodynamics-hydration, ionization and solution
• Second law of thermodynamics; spontaneity of processes; S of the universe and G of the system as criteria for spontaneity, G0 (standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Different methods for expressing concentration of solution-molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law-Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure-composition
• Plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties of dilute solutions-relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure
• Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; abnormal value of molar mass, Van't Hoff factor and its significance

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium
• Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas, and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes
• Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of G and G0 in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature
• Equilibria involving chemical processes: Effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle
• Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants
• Ionic equilibrium: Ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly, soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch's law and its applications
• Electrochemical cells-electrolytic and galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, EMF of a galvanic cell and its measurement
• Nernst equation and its applications; relationship between cell potential and Gibbs energy change; dry cell and lead accumulator; fuel cells

Chemistry: Unit 09

• Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: Concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units
• Differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions-Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation
• Collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids-Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions
• Colloidal state-distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids-lyophilic, lyophobic; multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids-Tyndall effect
• Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; emulsions and their characteristics

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d, and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity

Chemistry: Unit 12

• Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; steps involved in the extraction of metals-concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn, and Fe
• Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties, and uses of hydrogen; physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; structure, preparation, reactions, and uses of hydrogen peroxide; hydrogen as a fuel

Chemistry: Unit 14

• Group-1 and 2 elements general introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships
• Preparation and properties of some important compounds-sodium carbonate and sodium; industrial uses of lime, limestone, plaster of Paris and cement; biological significance of Na, K, Mg, and Ca

Chemistry: Unit 15

• Group-13 to Group 18 elements general introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group
• Groupwise study of the p-block elements group-13: Preparation, properties, and uses of boron and aluminium; properties of boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride, and alums
• Group-14: Allotropes of carbon, tendency for catenation; structure and properties of silicates, and zeolites
• Group-15: Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; allotrophic forms of phosphorus; preparation, properties, structure, and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5)
• Group-15: Structures of oxides and oxoacids of phosphorus
• Group-16: Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of ozone; allotropic forms of sulphur; preparation, properties, structures, and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); structures of oxoacids of sulphur
• Group-17: Preparation, properties, and uses of hydrochloric acid; trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; structures of interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens
• Group-18: Occurrence and uses of noble gases; structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon

Chemistry: Unit 16

• Transition elements general introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics
• General trends in properties of the first row transition elements-physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
• Preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4, inner transition elements lanthanoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction
• Actinoids-electronic configuration and oxidation states

Chemistry: Unit 17

• Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism; bonding-valence bond approach and basic ideas of crystal field theory
• Colour and magnetic properties; importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)

Chemistry: Unit 18

• Environmental pollution-atmospheric, water, and soil
• Atmospheric pollution-tropospheric and stratospheric, tropospheric pollutants-gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; green house effect and global warming; acid rain
• Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects, and prevention
• Stratospheric pollution-formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer-its mechanism and effects
• Water pollution-major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention
• Soil pollution-major pollutants such as: Pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention
• Strategies to control environmental pollution

Chemistry: Unit 19

• Purification-crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography-principles and their applications
• Qualitative analysis-detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens
• Quantitative analysis (basic principles only)-estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus
• Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis

Chemistry: Unit 20

• Tetravalency of carbon; shapes of simple molecules-hybridization (s and p); classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: – C = C – , – C h C – and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; homologous series
• Isomerism-structural and stereoisomerism
• Nomenclature (trivial and IUPAC), covalent bond fission-homolytic and heterolytic: Free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond-inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation
• Common types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement

Chemistry: Unit 21

• Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions
• Alkanes-conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
• Alkenes-geometrical isomerism; mechanism of electrophilic addition: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff's and peroxide effect); ozonolysis and polymerization
• Alkynes-acidic character; addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; polymerization
• Aromatic hydrocarbons-nomenclature, benzene-structure and aromaticity; mechanism of electrophilic substitution: Halogenation, nitration, Friedel-Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene

Chemistry: Unit 22

• General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; nature of C-X bond; mechanisms of substitution reactions
• Uses; environmental effects of chloroform and iodoform

Chemistry: Unit 23

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Alcohols-identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration. Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: Halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer-Tiemann reaction
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Ethers-structure. Aldehyde and ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Aldehyde and ketones-important reactions such as-nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of hydrogen
• Alcohols, phenols, and ethers: Aldehyde and ketones-aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, haloform reaction; chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones
• Carboxylic acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it

Chemistry: Unit 24

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character
• Diazonium salts: importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry: Unit 25

• General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization; natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization
• Some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses-polythene, nylon, polyester, and Bakelite

Chemistry: Unit 26

• General introduction and importance of biomolecules
• Carbohydrates-classification: Aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosacchorides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
• Proteins-elementary idea of-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; proteins: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes
• Vitamins-classification and functions
• Nucleic acids-chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids

Chemistry: Unit 27

• Chemicals in medicines-analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins-their meaning and common examples
• Chemicals in food-preservatives, artificial sweetening agents-common examples
• Cleansing agents-soaps and detergents, cleansing action

Biology: Unit 01

• History, botanical studies, branches of botany, brief classification of plant kingdom
• Scope of botany, cell biology, cell theory

Biology: Unit 02

• Structure of typical plant cell, cell wall and cell membrane, protoplasm-physical and chemical nature, cell organelle-structure and functions, nucleus, iysosomes, golgi bodies, plastids, ribosomes, mitochondria, chromosomes, spherosomes
• Important compounds of cell, water, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, nucleotides, nucleic acids
• Cell inclusions, physical and chemical nature and functions of enzymes, vitamins and hormones, mode of enzyme action, cell cycle, mitosis; meiosis

Biology: Unit 03

• Meristematic tissues, permanent, simple and complex tissues, internal structure of dicot and monocot systems and roots, internal structure of isobilateral and dorsiventral with functions of different tissues, normal, secondary growth in dicot stems

Biology: Unit 04

• Normal and modified stems, roots and leaves, inflorescence, flower and its parts, floral diagram and floral formula, pollination, fertilization, fruits

Biology: Unit 05

• Principle and units of classification (species, genus, family), knowledge of important families and their economic importance

Biology: Unit 06

• Genetics (elementary knowledge), mitosis and meiosis and their significance, principle of Mendel's law of inheritance, monohybrid and dihybrid ratio, concept of gene, elementary idea of gene action, evolution, evidence, theories and mechanism of evolution
• Variation and mutation, role of mutation in agriculture, origin of species

Biology: Unit 07

• Elementary idea and economic importance of virus, bacteria, fungi, algae, and lichen, elementary idea of gryophytes, pterodophytes, and gymnosperms

Biology: Unit 08

• Absorption and transport of water and minerals, transpiration, stomatal mechanism, life energy and ATP, respiration and fermentation, photosynthesis, elementary idea of protein synthesis, growth, reproduction
• Movements (with special reference to geotropism and phototropism)

Biology: Unit 09

• Man and his environment, biotic community, ecological adaptations (hydrophytes and xerophytes)

Biology: Unit 10

• Agricultural crops-brief description and economic importance of crop plants like rice, gram (green gram) jute, groundnut, sugarcane, and potato

Biology: Unit 11

• Control of blight in rice, rot of sugarcane, forestry, genetic conservation and crop improvement

Biology: Unit 12

• Recombinant DNA, gene library, transgenic plants, fermentation, bakery, antibiotics, monochloral antibodies

Biology: Unit 13

• Definition, scope, and branch of zoology
• Species concept, bionomical nomenclature, classification, scientific name of some common animals: Fishes-rohu, bhakura, mrigal, amphibians-frog, toad, reptiles-house lizard, garden lizard, crocodile, turtle, snakes-cobra, krait, birds-fowl
• Peacock, pigeon, mammals-tiger, lion, elephant, cat, dog, cow, rabbit and man

Biology: Unit 14

• General characters of the phylum, protozoa, classification-amoeba, entamoeba, paramoecium, euglena, trypanosoma, plasmodium

Biology: Unit 15

• Concept of body plan, symmetry, coelom, germ layers homeothermic and poikilothermic animals
• General characters of non-chordata like-porifera, coelenterata, platy helminthes, nematahelminthes, annelida, arthopoda, mollusca, echinodermata and hemichordata

Biology: Unit 16

• Animal tissues-types-epithelial, connective (details about blood and lymph), muscular and nervous-organs and organ systems

Biology: Unit 17

• Locomotory organelles in protozoans, hydra, annelid, brief account of joints and muscles in movement of man, modes of nutrition-nutrition in amoeba
• Digestive system of man-structure and function of alimentary canal associated glands, physiology of digestion and absorption

Biology: Unit 18

• Structure and function of respiratory system in man: Respiratory organs, mechanics of pulmonary respiration, pulmonary exchange of gas, transport of gases, glycolysis and Kreb's cycle, respiratory quotient

Biology: Unit 19

• Organs, digestion, and absorption

Biology: Unit 20

• Open circulation, closed circulatory system in man: Structure of heart, cardiac cycle, arteries, veins, capillaries, portal system, coronary circulation, blood pressure, respiratory pigments, group, and coagulation

Biology: Unit 21

• Structure and function of kidney

Biology: Unit 22

• Nervous system-central, peripheral and autonomic sense organs, endocrine system, mechanism of hormone action

Biology: Unit 23

• Asexual, binary, and multiple fission, budding, cellular growth, re-generation, ageing
• Sexual reproduction in man-male and female reproductive system, menstrual cycle

Biology: Unit 24

• Chromosomes and heredity: Heredity and variation, Mendelian principle, laws of heredity, chromosomes, interaction of genes, chromosomal variation

Biology: Unit 25

• Origin of life anatomical, embryological biochemical, paleontological, and biogeographical evidences of evolutions, Darwin's theory of natural selection, modern synthetic theory

Biology: Unit 26

• Meaning of ecology environment, habitat and niche, biosphere and ecosystem, ecological adaptations, biodiversity
• Environmental pollution-source, effects and control of air, water, and sound pollution, deforestation, global warming, climate change

Biology: Unit 27

• Non communicable diseases-diabetes and cardiac diseases
• Communicable diseases like, amoebiasis, filariasis, malaria (mode of inflection-pathogens, prevention, and treatment)

Biology: Unit 28

• Cells, immune system, and their function, immune deficiency in AIDS

Biology: Unit 29

• Importance of wildlife, causes of extinction, threatened species-endangered, vulnerable and rare species, conservation of wild life

Mechanical engineering: Unit 01

• Linear algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, eigen values and eigen vectors
• Calculus: Functions of single variable, limit, continuity, and differentiability, mean value theorems, evaluation of definite and improper integrals, partial derivatives, total derivative, maxima and minima, gradient, divergence and curl
• Calculus: Vector identities, directional derivatives, line, surface and volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss, and Green's theorems
• Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, initial and boundary value problems, Laplace transforms
• Differential equations: Solutions of one-dimensional heat and wave equations and Laplace equation
• Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series
• Probability and statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, conditional probability, mean, median, mode and standard deviation, random variables, Poisson, normal and binomial distributions
• Numerical methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations

Mechanical engineering: Unit 02

• Engineering mechanics: Free body diagrams and equilibrium; trusses and frames; virtual work; kinematics and dynamics of particles and of rigid bodies in plane motion, including impulse and momentum (linear and angular) and energy formulations; impact
• Strength of materials: Stress and strain, stress-strain relationship and elastic constants, Mohr's circle for plane stress and plane strain, thin cylinders; shear force and bending moment diagrams; bending and shear stresses; deflection of beams
• Strength of materials: Torsion of circular shafts; Euler's theory of columns; strain energy methods; thermal stresses
• Theory of machines: Displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis of plane mechanisms; dynamic analysis of slider-crank mechanism; gear trains; flywheels
• Vibrations: Free and forced vibration of single degree of freedom systems; effect of damping; vibration isolation; resonance, critical speeds of shafts
• Design: Design for static and dynamic loading; failure theories; fatigue strength and the S-N diagram; principles of the design of machine elements such as bolted, riveted and welded joints, shafts, spur gears, rolling and sliding contact bearings
• Design: Brakes and clutches

Mechanical engineering: Unit 03

• Fluid mechanics: Fluid properties; fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy; control-volume analysis of mass, momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and momentum; Bernoulli's equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids
• Fluid mechanics: Boundary layer; elementary turbulent flow; flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends etc
• Heat-transfer: Modes of heat transfer; one dimensional heat conduction, resistance concept, electrical analogy, unsteady heat conduction, fins; dimensionless parameters in free and forced convective heat transfer
• Heat-transfer: Various correlations for heat transfer in flow over flat plates and through pipes; thermal boundary layer; effect of turbulence; radiative heat transfer, black and grey surfaces, shape factors, network analysis; heat exchanger performance
• Heat-transfer: LMTD and NTU methods
• Thermodynamics: Zeroth, first, and second laws of thermodynamics; thermodynamic system and processes; Carnot cycle. Irreversibility and availability; behaviour of ideal and real gases, properties of pure substances
• Thermodynamics: Calculation of work and heat in ideal processes; analysis of thermodynamic cycles related to energy conversion
• Applications: Power engineering-steam tables, Rankine, Brayton cycles with regeneration and reheat. I.C. engines: Air-standard Otto, Diesel cycles
• Applications: Refrigeration and air-conditioning-vapour refrigeration cycle, heat pumps, gas refrigeration, reverse Brayton cycle; moist air: Psychrometric chart, basic psychrometric processes
• Applications: Turbomachinery-Pelton-wheel, Francis and Kaplan turbines, impulse and reaction principles, velocity diagrams

Mechanical engineering: Unit 04

• Engineering materials: Structure and properties of engineering materials, heat treatment, stress-strain diagrams for engineering materials
• Metal casting: Design of patterns, moulds and cores; solidification and cooling; riser and gating design, design considerations
• Forming: Plastic deformation and yield criteria; fundamentals of hot and cold working processes; load estimation for bulk (forging, rolling, extrusion, drawing) and sheet (shearing, deep drawing, bending) metal forming processes
• Forming: Principles of powder metallurgy
• Joining: Physics of welding, brazing and soldering; adhesive bonding; design considerations in welding
• Machining and machine tool operations: Mechanics of machining, single and multi-point cutting tools, tool geometry and materials, tool life and wear; economics of machining; principles of non-traditional machining processes
• Machining and machine tool operations: Principles of design of jigs and fixtures
• Metrology and inspection: Limits, fits and tolerances; linear and angular measurements; comparators; gauge design; interferometry; form and finish measurement; alignment and testing methods; tolerance analysis in manufacturing and assembly
• Computer integrated manufacturing: Basic concepts of CAD/CAM and their integration tools. Production planning and control: Forecasting models, aggregate production planning, scheduling, materials requirement planning
• Inventory control: Deterministic and probabilistic models; safety stock inventory control systems
• Operations research: Linear programming, simplex and duplex method, transportation, assignment, network flow models, simple queuing models, PERT and CPM

Electrical engineering: Unit 01

• Linear algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, eigen values and eigen vectors
• Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite and improper integrals, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple integrals, Fourier series. Vector identities, directional derivatives, line
• Calculus: Surface and volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss, and Green's theorems
• Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, method of variation of parameters, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, initial and boundary value problems
• Differential equations: Partial differential equations and variable separable method
• Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor's and Laurent' series, residue theorem, solution integrals
• Probability and statistics: Sampling theorems, conditional probability, mean, median, mode and standard deviation, random variables, discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson, normal and binomial distribution, correlation and regression analysis
• Numerical methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods for differential equations
• Transform theory: Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform

Electrical engineering: Unit 02

• Electric circuits and fields: Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient response of DC and AC networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, basic filter concepts; ideal current and voltage sources
• Electric circuits and fields: Thevenin's, Norton's and superposition and maximum power transfer theorems, two-port networks, three phase circuits; Gauss theorem, electric field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions
• Electric circuits and fields: Ampere's and Biot-Savart's laws; inductance; dielectrics; capacitance
• Signals and systems: Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals; shifting and scaling operations; linear, time-invariant and causal systems; Fourier series representation of continuous periodic signals; sampling theorem
• Signals and systems: Fourier, Laplace and Z transforms
• Electrical machines: Single phase transformer-equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests, regulation and efficiency; three phase transformers-connections, parallel operation; auto-transformer; energy conversion principles
• Electrical machines: DC machines-types, windings, generator characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors; three phase induction motors-principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and speed control
• Electrical machines: Single phase induction motors; synchronous machines-performance, regulation and parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications; servo and stepper motors
• Power systems: Basic power generation concepts; transmission line models and performance; cable performance, insulation; corona and radio interference; distribution systems; per-unit quantities; bus impedance and admittance matrices; load flow
• Power systems: Voltage control; power factor correction; economic operation; symmetrical components; fault analysis; principles of over-current, differential and distance protection; solid state relays and digital protection; circuit breakers
• Power systems: System stability concepts, swing curves and equal area criterion; HVDC transmission and FACTS concepts
• Control systems: Principles of feedback; transfer function; block diagrams; steady-state errors; Routh and Nyquist techniques; Bode plots; root loci; lag, lead and lead-lag compensation; state space model; state transition matrix
• Control systems: Controllability and observability. Electrical and electronic measurements: Bridges and potentiometers; PMMC, moving iron, dynamometer and induction type instruments; measurement of voltage, current, power, energy and power factor
• Control systems: Instrument transformers; digital voltmeters and multimeters; phase, time and frequency measurement; Q-meters; oscilloscopes; potentiometric recorders; error analysis.
• Analog and digital electronics: Characteristics of diodes, BJT, FET; amplifiers-biasing, equivalent circuit and frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers; operational amplifiers-characteristics and applications; simple active filters
• Analog and digital electronics: VCOs and timers; combinational and sequential logic circuits; multiplexer; Schmitt trigger; multi-vibrators; sample and hold circuits; A/D and D/A converters
• Analog and digital electronics: 8-bit microprocessor basics, architecture, programming and interfacing
• Power electronics and drives: Semiconductor power diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs, GTOs, MOSFETs and IGBTs-static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering circuits; phase control rectifiers
• Power electronics and drives: Bridge converters-fully controlled and half controlled; principles of choppers and inverters; basis concepts of adjustable speed DC and AC drives

Computer science engineering: Unit 01

• Mathematical logic: Propositional logic; first order logic
• Probability: Conditional probability; mean, median, mode and standard deviation; random variables; distributions; uniform, normal, exponential, Poisson, binomial
• Set theory and algebra: Sets; relations; functions; groups; partial orders; lattice; Boolean algebra
• Combinatorics: Permutations; combinations; counting; summation; generating functions; recurrence relations; asymptotics
• Graph theory: Connectivity; spanning trees; cut vertices and edges; covering; matching; independent sets; colouring; planarity; isomorphism
• Linear algebra: Algebra of matrices, determinants, systems of linear equations, eigen values and eigen vectors
• Numerical methods: LU decomposition for systems of linear equations; numerical solutions of non linear algebraic equations by Secant, Bisection and Newton-Raphson methods; numerical integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rules
• Calculus: Limit, continuity, and differentiability, mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite and improper integrals, partial derivatives, total derivatives, maxima and minima

Computer science engineering: Unit 02

• Regular languages: Finite automata, regular expressions, regular grammar
• Context free languages: Push down automata, context free grammars

Computer science engineering: Unit 03

• Digital logic: Logic functions, minimization, design and synthesis of combinatorial and sequential circuits, number representation and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point)
• Computer organization: Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and data path, hardwired and microprogrammed control, memory interface, I/O interface (interrupt and DMA mode), serial communication interface, instruction pipelining, cache
• Computer organization: Main and secondary storage

Computer science engineering: Unit 04

• Data structures and algorithms : The notion of abstract data types, stack, queue, list, set, string, tree, binary search tree, heap, graph, tree and graph traversals, connected components, spanning trees, shortest paths, hashing, sorting, searching
• Data structures and algorithms : Design techniques (greedy, dynamic, divide and conquer), asymptotic analysis (best, worst, average cases) of time and space, upper and lower bounds, intractability
• Programming methodology: C programming, program control (iteration, recursion, functions), scope, binding, parameter passing, elementary concepts of object-oriented programming
• Operating systems (in the context of Unix): Classical concepts (concurrency, synchronization, deadlock), processes, threads and interprocess communication, CPU scheduling, memory management, file systems, I/O systems, protection and security
• Information systems and software engineering: Information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process life cycle, planning and managing the project, design, coding, testing
• Information systems and software engineering: Implementation, maintenance. Databases: relational model, database design, integrity constraints, normal forms, query languages (SQL), file structures (sequential, indexed), b-trees
• Information systems and software engineering: Databases-transaction and concurrency control
• Data communication: Data encoding and transmission, data link control, multiplexing, packet switching, LAN architecture, LAN systems (ethernet, token ring), network devices: Switches, gateways, routers
• Network: ISO/OSI stack, sliding window protocols, routing protocols, TCP/UDP, application layer protocols and systems (http, smtp, dns, ftp), network security
• Web technologies: Three tier web-based architecture; JSP, ASP, J2EE, .NET systems; HTML, XML

Civil engineering: Unit 01

• Linear algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, eigen values and eigen vectors
• Calculus: Functions of single variable, limit, continuity, and differentiability, mean value theorems, evaluation of definite and improper integrals, partial derivatives, total derivative, maxima and minima, gradient, divergence and curl
• Calculus: Vector identities, directional derivatives, line, surface and volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss, and Green's theorems
• Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, initial and boundary value problems, Laplace transforms
• Differential equations: Solutions of one-dimensional heat and wave equations and Laplace equation
• Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series
• Probability and statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, conditional probability, mean, median, mode and standard deviation, random variables, Poisson, normal and binomial distributions
• Numerical methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations

Civil engineering: Unit 02

• Mechanics: Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams. Simple stress and strain relationship: Stress and strain in two dimensions, principal stresses, stress transformation, Mohr's circle
• Mechanics: Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses, unsymmetrical bending, shear centre. Thin walled pressure vessels, uniform torsion, buckling of column, combined and direct bending stresses
• Structural analysis: Analysis of statically determinate trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames, displacements in statically determinate structures and analysis of statically indeterminate structures by force/ energy methods
• Structural analysis: Analysis by displacement methods (slope deflection and moment distribution methods), influence lines for determinate and indeterminate structures. Basic concepts of matrix methods of structural analysis
• Concrete structures: Concrete technology-properties of concrete, basics of mix design. Concrete design-basic working stress and limit state design concepts, analysis of ultimate load capacity and design of members subjected to flexure, shear
• Concrete structures: Concrete design-compression and torsion by limit state methods. Basic elements of prestressed concrete, analysis of beam sections at transfer and service loads
• Steel structures: Analysis and design of tension and compression members, beams and beam columns, column bases. Connections-simple and eccentric, beam-column connections, plate girders and trusses. Plastic analysis of beams and frames

Civil engineering: Unit 03

• Soil mechanics: Origin of soils, soil classification, three-phase system, fundamental definitions, relationship and interrelationships, permeability and seepage, effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction, shear strength
• Foundation engineering: Sub-surface investigations-scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, penetration tests, plate load test. Earth pressure theories, effect of water table, layered soils. Stability of slopes-infinite slopes, finite slopes
• Foundation engineering: Foundation types-foundation design requirements. Shallow foundations-bearing capacity, effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution, settlement analysis in sands and clays
• Foundation engineering: Deep foundations-pile types, dynamic and static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands and clays, negative skin friction

Civil engineering: Unit 04

• Fluid mechanics and hydraulics: Properties of fluids, principle of conservation of mass, momentum, energy and corresponding equations, potential flow, applications of momentum and Bernoulli's equation, laminar and turbulent flow, flow in pipes
• Fluid mechanics and hydraulics: Pipe networks. Concept of boundary layer and its growth. Uniform flow, critical flow and gradually varied flow in channels, specific energy concept, hydraulic jump
• Fluid mechanics and hydraulics: Forces on immersed bodies, flow measurements in channels, tanks and pipes. Dimensional analysis and hydraulic modeling. Kinematics of flow, velocity triangles and specific speed of pumps and turbines
• Hydrology: Hydrologic cycle, rainfall, evaporation, infiltration, stage discharge relationships, unit hydrographs, flood estimation, reservoir capacity, reservoir and channel routing. Well hydraulics
• Hydrology: Irrigation-duty, delta, estimation of evapo-transpiration. Crop water requirements. Design of lined and unlined canals, waterways, head works, gravity dams and spillways. Design of weirs on permeable foundation
• Hydrology: Types of irrigation system, irrigation methods. Water logging and drainage, sodic soils

Civil engineering: Unit 05

• Water requirements: Quality standards, basic unit processes and operations for water treatment. Drinking water standards, water requirements, basic unit operations and unit processes for surface water treatment, distribution of water
• Water requirements: Sewage and sewerage treatment, quantity and characteristics of wastewater. Primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment of wastewater, sludge disposal, effluent discharge standards
• Water requirements: Domestic wastewater treatment, quantity of characteristics of domestic wastewater, primary and secondary treatment unit operations and unit processes of domestic wastewater, sludge disposal
• Air pollution: Types of pollutants, their sources and impacts, air pollution meteorology, air pollution control, air quality standards and limits
• Municipal solid wastes: Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid wastes, engineered systems for solid waste management (reuse/ recycle, energy recovery, treatment and disposal)
• Noise pollution: Impacts of noise, permissible limits of noise pollution, measurement of noise and control of noise pollution

Civil engineering: Unit 06

• Highway planning: Geometric design of highways, testing and specifications of paving materials, design of flexible and rigid pavements
• Traffic engineering: Traffic characteristics, theory of traffic flow, intersection design, traffic signs and signal design, highway capacity

Civil engineering: Unit 07

• Importance of surveying, principles and classifications, mapping concepts, coordinate system, map projections, measurements of distance and directions, leveling, theodolite traversing, plane table surveying, errors and adjustments, curves