Ohm's Law - Definition, Formula, Applications, FAQs

Ohm's Law - Definition, Formula, Applications, FAQs

Edited By Vishal kumar | Updated on Jul 02, 2025 04:32 PM IST

What is ohm’s law Class 10?

Georg Simon Ohm, a German physicist, invented Ohms law, which describes the relationship between potential difference and current.
Ohm’s law statement: According to Ohms law, the steady current I flowing through a conductor is proportional to the potential difference V between the conductor's two ends at a constant temperature. The link between an electric current and the potential difference is defined by Ohms law.
The formula of ohm’s law, V=IR
Ohm’s law is the most fundamental law in electricity.

This Story also Contains
  1. What is ohm’s law Class 10?
  2. Definition:
  3. Applications of Ohm’s law:
  4. Uses of Ohm’s law:
Ohm's Law - Definition, Formula, Applications, FAQs
Ohm's Law - Definition, Formula, Applications, FAQs

Derivation of ohm’s law

An electric current flowing through a conductor is precisely proportionate to the difference in potential between the conductor's two ends, according to ohm’s law.

I proportional to V

Hence, IV=constant

The value of this constant proportionality constant is found to be 1/R

Therefore, I=V/R

V=IR

Here, R is a constant for a given material at a given temperature which is known as the resistance of the material. Since the potential difference V is proportional to the current I, the graph between Vand I is a straight line for a conductor.

Ohmic conductor graph:

Ohmic conductor graph

Definition:

Electric circuit:

A closed conducting loop or path with a network of electrical components through which electrons can flow is known as an electric circuit. This loop is made using the electrical wires which is to connect an electric appliance to a source of the electric charges like a battery. An electric circuit must be closed in order that the current passes through it.

Electric current:

Current is defined as the rate at which charges flow through a conductor, implying that the electric current represents the number of charges flowing through any cross-section of a conductor in a given amount of time. The letter I stands for current. If a net charge Q travels through any cross-section of a conductor in time t, the current flowing through it is

\mathrm{I}=\mathrm{Q} / \mathrm{t}

The ampere is the SI unit of electric current and is represented by the letter. When a charge of coulomb runs over any cross-section of a conductor in one second, the current flowing through it is said to be one ampere.

1 ampere=1 coulomb/1 second

When a conducting path is given to a charged object, electrons begin to flow through the path from a higher to a lower potential state. The potential difference can be produced by using a cell or battery. A current of electricity is generated as electrons move. Therefore, an electric current is produced by the moving electrons.

An ammeter is a device that is used to determine the strength of an electric current in a circuit. In a circuit where the current is to be found, the ammeter is connected in series.

Potential difference:

The amount of labour involved in transporting against the electric force, a unit counter electrode from one position to another is described as the electric potential difference between two points. The potential difference required for the flow of charges can be provided by the battery. From the negative electrode to the positive electrode, electrons flow. The letter V denotes the possibility of a difference.

V=work done (w)/charge (Q)

The volt is the SI unit for electric potential difference and is symbolised by V. The potential difference between two points is one volt if one joule of labour is expended in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to another against the electric force.

1 volt=1 joule/1 coulomb

Joule is a unit of measurement for the quantity of electrical energy transferred into other forms of energy and the amount of charge is measured in coulomb.

A voltmeter is a tool that measures the difference in potential between two ends. The voltmeter must always be connected in parallel to a component in a circuit to evaluate the potential difference across it.

Resistance:

The property of a substance to oppose the flow of charges and thus the passage of current through it is known as resistance. The ratio of the potential difference between the conductor's ends to the current flowing through it is the conductor's resistance. The letter R stands for resistance.

$\mathrm{R}=\mathrm{V} * \mathrm{I}$

The ohm is the SI unit of resistance and is represented by the symbol. When a conductor carries a one-ampere current and a one-volt potential difference is maintained across its ends, the resistance is said to be one ohm.

1ohm=1 volt/1 ampere

With the help of the resistance, we can regulate the quantity of current flowing in a circuit. When the flow of current is obstructed, heat is generated. This is because electrons encounter resistance as they move along a wire. To overcome the opposition that has been converted into heat energy, work must be done. This conversion of electrical energy into heat energy is called Joule heating. The components used for providing resistance are called resistors.

The measure of resistance given by a component to the flow of electric current through it is called resistance. Different electrical components offer different electrical resistance. Metals such as copper, aluminium etc. offers negligible resistance to the electric current. These are good conductors. The materials like Nichrome, tin oxide etc. provide a high level of resistance to electric current.

Ohm’s Law for Power:

Power is the rate of consuming electrical energy and is defined as the rate of accomplishing work or spending energy. It determines how efficiently electrical energy is transferred into another form of energy.

If a current streams through a conductor with resistance for a period, the potential difference between the conductor's two ends is. The equation gives the work done to transfer the charge across the ends of the conductor.

W=VIt

P=VIt/t

P=VI

Also read -

Applications of Ohm’s law:

At constant temperature, ohm’s law can be applicable. Electricity's fundamental law is Ohm’s law. The applications of Ohm’s law are,

  • In an electric circuit, the current, potential difference and resistance can be determined.
  • The power efficiency of an electric circuit can be calculated.
  • Ohm’s law is applicable to the linear elements
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Failures of Ohm’s law:

  • The behaviour of devices such as diodes and transistors is not explained by Ohm’s law.
  • Ohm’s law does not give the expected result at the variable temperature.
  • Ohm’s law cannot be applicable to non-linear elements.

NCERT Physics Notes:

Uses of Ohm’s law:

  • We may control the speed of the fans in our residences by pushing the regulator back and forth.
  • The current going through the fan is regulated here by regulating the resistance via the regulator.
  • Using Ohm’s law, we can determine the resistance, current, and consequently power flowing for any given input value.

Experimental verification of Ohm’s law circuit diagram:

A parallel connection is made between a voltmeter and a resistor. An ammeter is interfaced to measure the current in the circuit. A variable resistor is connected to the circuit. Changing the resistance changes the potential drop across the resistor, affecting the amount of current flowing through it. We can deduct from the reading that current and potential vary linearly.

Ohm’s law circuit diagram

A Nichrome wire is connected between X and Y. When you use a copper wire rather than just a Nichrome wire in the same experiment, you'll need a different current for the same potential difference across the wire. If you replace the copper wire with an aluminium wire, the current running through it will have a different value. From the equation V=IR, you have learnt that VI must be equal to the resistance of the conductor used. The variations in the current for the same values of potential difference indicate that the resistance of different materials is different.

Ohm’s law for the magnetic circuit:

In a magnetic field, the magnetomotive force is proportional to the product of the number of turns around the core in which the flux can be produced and the current through the turns of the wire.

Fm=NI

Where,

Fm- Magnetomotive force

N – Number of turns around the core

I – Current flows through the turns of the wire.

Also Read:

Numericals on Ohm’s law

1. A 12-clombs charge passes through a bulb in 5 seconds. How much current passes through the bulb?

Solution:

Charge, Q=12 C

Time,t=5 s

To find the current:

I=Q/t

I=12/5

I=2.4 A

Hence, the current flows through the bulb is 2.4 A

2. Moving a charge of 10 C across two locations in a circuit requires 100 J of labour. What could be the difference between the two points?

Solution:

Charge, Q=10 C

Work done, W=100 J

To get the possible difference between the points, do the following:

V=work done (w)/charge (Q)

V=100/10

V=10 Volt

Hence, the potential difference between the two points is 10 Volt.

3. Calculate the resistance of a conductor with a 2 A current and a 30 V potential difference between its ends.

Solution:

Current through the conductor, I=2 A

The potential difference between its ends, V=30 V

From Ohm’s law,

R=V/I

R=30/2

R=15 Ω

Hence, the resistance of the conductor is 15 Ω

4. A lamp of resistance 70 Ω draws a current of 0.75 A . Find the voltage

Solution:

Resistance, R=70 Ω

Current, I=0.75 A

To find the voltage:

From Ohm’s law,

V=IR

V=0.75(70)

V=52.5 V

Hence, the voltage of a lamp is 52.5 V

5. A bulb with a resistance of 400 ohms is connected to a 220 V power supply. Calculate the magnitude of the current

Solution:

Resistance, R=400 Ω

The potential difference, V=220 V

To find the magnitude of the current:

From Ohm’s law,

V=IR

I=V/R

I=220/400

I=0.55 A

Hence, the magnitude of the current is 0.55 A

6. When the potential across the filament of a bulb is 100 V, the current through it is found to be 2 A. Find the resistance of the filament.

Solution:

The potential across the filament, V=100 V

The flow of current, I=2 A

To find the resistance of the filament:

From Ohm’s law,

V=IR

R=V/I

R=100/2

R=50 Ω

Hence, the resistance of the filament is 50 Ω

7. A resistance of 15 Ω carries a current of 5 A. Calculate the voltage that has built up across the resistor.

Solution:

Resistance, R=15 Ω

Current, I=5 A

To find the voltage developed across the resistor:

From ohm’s law,

V=IR

V=(5)(15)

V=75 V

Hence, the voltage across the resistor is 75 V

8. A lamp draws a current of 0.91 A with a potential difference of 110 V. What is the resistance in the lamp?

Solution:

Current, I=0.91 A

The potential difference, V=110 V

To find the resistance in the lamp:

From ohm’s law,

V=IR

R=V/I

R=110/0.91

R=121 Ω

Hence, the resistance in the lamp is 121 Ω

Also check-

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. State ohm’s law.

According to Ohm’s law, the steady current I flowing through a conductor is proportional to the potential difference V between the conductor's two ends at constant temperature..The link between an electric current and the potential difference is defined by Ohm’s law.

2. Write the formula for Ohm’s law.

Formula of ohm’s law, V=IR

3. What are the applications of Ohm’s law?

At constant temperature, ohm’s law can be applicable. Electricity's fundamental law is Ohm’s law. The applications of ohm’s law are,

  • In an electric circuit, the current, potential difference and resistance can be determined.

  • The power efficiency of an electric circuit can be calculated.

  • Ohm’s law is applicable to the linear elements

4. What are the uses of Ohm’s law?
  • We may control the speed of the fans in our residences by pushing the regulator back and forth.

  •  The current going through the fan is regulated here by regulating the resistance via the regulator.

  •  Using Ohm’s law, we can determine the resistance, current, and consequently power flowing for any given input value.

5. What is Ohm's Law and why is it important in electrical circuits?
Ohm's Law is a fundamental principle in electrical engineering that describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit. It states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it and inversely proportional to its resistance. This law is crucial because it allows us to predict and calculate how electrical circuits will behave, making it essential for designing and analyzing electrical systems.
6. Can Ohm's Law be applied to all electrical components?
Ohm's Law applies to many electrical components, but not all. It is most accurate for components called "ohmic" or "linear" devices, such as resistors, which maintain a constant resistance regardless of the applied voltage or current. However, many real-world components, like diodes or transistors, are "non-ohmic" and do not follow Ohm's Law strictly. Understanding these limitations is crucial for accurate circuit analysis.
7. What's the difference between Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws?
While both are fundamental to electrical circuit analysis, Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws serve different purposes. Ohm's Law describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a single component or simple circuit. Kirchhoff's Laws, on the other hand, deal with the conservation of energy and charge in more complex circuits with multiple components and branches. Kirchhoff's Laws are used in conjunction with Ohm's Law to analyze more complicated circuits.
8. How does the formula for Ohm's Law (V = IR) relate to real-world applications?
The formula V = IR (Voltage = Current × Resistance) is the mathematical expression of Ohm's Law. In real-world applications, this formula helps engineers and technicians determine unknown values in a circuit. For example, if you know the voltage of a battery and the resistance of a light bulb, you can calculate the current flowing through the circuit. This is useful in designing everything from household appliances to complex industrial systems.
9. What are the limitations of Ohm's Law?
While Ohm's Law is widely applicable, it has limitations. It assumes a linear relationship between voltage and current, which is not always the case in real-world scenarios. It doesn't account for factors like temperature changes, electromagnetic interference, or the behavior of non-linear components like diodes. Additionally, it doesn't apply to alternating current (AC) circuits in the same straightforward way as it does to direct current (DC) circuits. Understanding these limitations is crucial for accurate circuit analysis and design.
10. How does temperature affect the application of Ohm's Law?
Temperature can significantly impact the application of Ohm's Law because it affects the resistance of materials. As temperature increases, the resistance of most conductors increases due to increased atomic vibrations. This means that the relationship between voltage and current may change as a circuit heats up. Engineers must consider this effect when designing circuits that operate across a wide temperature range or generate significant heat.
11. How can Ohm's Law help in troubleshooting electrical problems?
Ohm's Law is a powerful tool for troubleshooting electrical problems. By understanding the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, technicians can identify issues in a circuit. For example, if the current in a circuit is lower than expected, Ohm's Law suggests that either the voltage has decreased or the resistance has increased. This narrows down the possible causes and guides the troubleshooting process, making it more efficient and effective.
12. How does Ohm's Law relate to power consumption in electrical devices?
Ohm's Law is closely related to power consumption in electrical devices. Power (P) is calculated as the product of voltage (V) and current (I): P = VI. By combining this with Ohm's Law (V = IR), we can derive additional power formulas: P = I²R and P = V²/R. These relationships allow us to calculate power consumption in various ways, which is crucial for designing energy-efficient devices and understanding electricity costs.
13. Can Ohm's Law be used to explain why birds can safely perch on high-voltage power lines?
Yes, Ohm's Law helps explain this phenomenon. Birds can safely perch on high-voltage power lines because they don't complete an electrical circuit. According to Ohm's Law, current flows only when there's a complete circuit with a voltage difference. When a bird is on a single wire, there's no path for the current to flow through its body to a point of lower potential. However, if the bird were to touch another wire or a grounded object simultaneously, it would complete a circuit and be electrocuted. This illustrates the importance of understanding electrical potential difference in applying Ohm's Law.
14. How does Ohm's Law apply to parallel and series circuits?
Ohm's Law applies differently to parallel and series circuits. In a series circuit, the current is the same throughout, but the voltage is divided across components. The total resistance is the sum of individual resistances. In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same across all branches, but the current is divided. The total resistance is calculated differently and is always less than the smallest individual resistance. Understanding these differences is crucial for analyzing more complex circuits and designing electrical systems.
15. What role does Ohm's Law play in the design of electrical safety devices like fuses and circuit breakers?
Ohm's Law is fundamental in designing electrical safety devices. Fuses and circuit breakers are designed to interrupt the circuit when the current exceeds a safe level. Using Ohm's Law, designers can calculate the relationship between the voltage in a circuit and the maximum safe current. This allows them to create devices that will "trip" or melt at specific current levels, protecting the circuit and connected devices from damage due to overcurrent situations.
16. How can Ohm's Law be used to optimize the efficiency of power transmission lines?
Ohm's Law is crucial in optimizing power transmission efficiency. Power companies use it to calculate power losses in transmission lines, which occur due to the resistance of the wires. By understanding the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, engineers can design systems that minimize these losses. For example, they might increase the voltage to reduce the current (since power = voltage × current), which in turn reduces power loss due to resistance (as power loss = current² × resistance). This application of Ohm's Law helps in designing more efficient power grids.
17. Can Ohm's Law explain why using higher voltage in power transmission is more efficient?
Yes, Ohm's Law directly explains this efficiency. Power loss in transmission lines is given by P = I²R, where I is current and R is the resistance of the line. By increasing voltage (V) and keeping power (P) constant (P = VI), we can decrease current (I). Since power loss is proportional to the square of current, even a small reduction in current significantly reduces power loss. This application of Ohm's Law is why long-distance power transmission uses very high voltages.
18. How can Ohm's Law be used to explain the function of a potentiometer?
Ohm's Law is key to understanding potentiometers. A potentiometer is a variable resistor that can be adjusted to control the voltage in a circuit. According to Ohm's Law, as the resistance changes, the current through the potentiometer changes, which in turn affects the voltage drop across it. By adjusting the resistance, you can control the voltage output, making potentiometers useful for applications like volume controls or dimmer switches.
19. How does Ohm's Law apply to the human body in the context of electrical safety?
Ohm's Law is relevant to electrical safety for the human body. The human body has its own electrical resistance, which varies depending on factors like moisture and contact area. When a person comes into contact with an electrical source, Ohm's Law helps predict the current that will flow through the body based on the voltage of the source and the body's resistance. This is crucial for understanding the potential dangers of electric shock and for designing safety measures in electrical systems.
20. What role does Ohm's Law play in the design of voltage divider circuits?
Ohm's Law is fundamental to the design of voltage divider circuits. A voltage divider uses two or more resistors in series to create a desired output voltage from a larger input voltage. By applying Ohm's Law, we can calculate the current through the resistors and the voltage drop across each. This allows us to determine the resistor values needed to achieve a specific output voltage. Voltage dividers are widely used in electronics for tasks like scaling down sensor outputs or creating reference voltages.
21. How can Ohm's Law be used to explain the concept of electrical grounding?
Ohm's Law helps explain the importance of electrical grounding. Grounding provides a low-resistance path for excess current to flow safely to the earth. According to Ohm's Law, current will always follow the path of least resistance. By ensuring that the ground connection has very low resistance, we create a preferential path for fault currents, protecting people and equipment from dangerous voltage levels. This application of Ohm's Law is crucial for electrical safety in buildings and electronic devices.
22. Can Ohm's Law be applied to semiconductors like diodes and transistors?
Ohm's Law in its simplest form doesn't directly apply to semiconductors like diodes and transistors because these devices have non-linear current-voltage characteristics. However, understanding Ohm's Law is still crucial for analyzing circuits containing these components. For small signal analysis, linearized models of these devices can be used where Ohm's Law applies to the equivalent resistances. Additionally, Ohm's Law is used in conjunction with other semiconductor equations to analyze more complex behaviors in these devices.
23. How does Ohm's Law relate to the concept of power factor in AC circuits?
While Ohm's Law itself doesn't directly address power factor, understanding it is crucial for grasping this concept. In AC circuits, power factor is the ratio of real power to apparent power. Ohm's Law extended to AC (using impedance instead of resistance) helps calculate the apparent power. The difference between this and the actual power used is due to reactive components in the circuit. Understanding how voltage and current relate through impedance (the AC equivalent of resistance in Ohm's Law) is key to analyzing and improving power factor in AC systems.
24. What is the significance of Ohm's Law in the design of electrical motors?
Ohm's Law is fundamental in electrical motor design. It helps determine the relationship between the voltage applied to the motor windings, the current flowing through them, and their resistance. This is crucial for calculating power consumption, heat generation, and efficiency. In DC motors, Ohm's Law is used to determine the appropriate wire gauge for windings and to design speed control systems. For AC motors, while more complex calculations are involved, the principles derived from Ohm's Law still form the basis for understanding current flow and power consumption.
25. What role does Ohm's Law play in the design of surge protectors?
Ohm's Law is crucial in designing surge protectors. These devices protect electrical equipment from voltage spikes by providing a low-resistance path to ground for excess current. Using Ohm's Law, designers can calculate the appropriate resistance values for components like varistors, which change their resistance based on voltage. When a surge occurs, the varistor's resistance drops, allowing it to divert the excess current away from the protected equipment. Understanding this voltage-current-resistance relationship is key to creating effective surge protection systems.
26. What is the significance of the slope in a voltage-current graph in relation to Ohm's Law?
In a voltage-current graph, the slope represents the resistance according to Ohm's Law. A straight line on this graph indicates a constant resistance, which is characteristic of an ohmic conductor. The steeper the slope, the higher the resistance. If the line is not straight, it suggests that the resistance is changing with voltage or current, indicating a non-ohmic device. This graphical representation is a powerful tool for visualizing and understanding the behavior of different electrical components.
27. How does Ohm's Law help in understanding the concept of superconductivity?
Ohm's Law helps us understand superconductivity by highlighting its extraordinary nature. Superconductors are materials that, below a certain temperature, have zero electrical resistance. According to Ohm's Law, if resistance (R) is zero, then any current (I) can flow with zero voltage (V) applied. This seemingly violates our everyday experience with electricity and demonstrates why superconductors are so remarkable and potentially revolutionary for energy transmission and other applications.
28. How does Ohm's Law relate to the concept of electrical conductivity?
Ohm's Law is closely related to electrical conductivity. Conductivity is the inverse of resistivity, which is resistance per unit length and cross-sectional area. According to Ohm's Law, the current through a material is proportional to the voltage applied and inversely proportional to its resistance. Materials with high conductivity have low resistance, allowing more current to flow for a given voltage. This relationship helps in categorizing materials as conductors, semiconductors, or insulators based on their adherence to Ohm's Law.
29. What is the relationship between Ohm's Law and Joule heating in electrical circuits?
Ohm's Law is directly related to Joule heating, also known as resistive heating. Joule heating occurs when electrical energy is converted to thermal energy as current flows through a resistor. The power dissipated as heat is given by P = I²R, which is derived from Ohm's Law (V = IR) and the power equation (P = VI). This relationship shows that the heat generated is proportional to the square of the current and the resistance, explaining why high-current devices or those with significant resistance tend to generate more heat.
30. What is the significance of Ohm's Law in the design of LED lighting systems?
Ohm's Law is crucial in designing LED lighting systems. LEDs require a specific voltage and current to operate efficiently and safely. Using Ohm's Law, designers can calculate the appropriate resistor values to limit the current flowing through the LED, preventing damage from overcurrent. Additionally, understanding the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance helps in designing efficient driver circuits that convert mains voltage to the lower voltages required by LEDs.
31. Can Ohm's Law be used to explain why birds don't get electrocuted on power lines?
Yes, Ohm's Law helps explain this phenomenon. Birds on a single power line don't get electrocuted because there's no potential difference (voltage) across their bodies. Ohm's Law states that current flows only when there's a voltage difference. Since the bird is in contact with only one wire, there's no complete circuit through its body. However, if the bird were to touch another wire or a grounded object simultaneously, it would create a potential difference and a path for current, leading to electrocution.
32. How does Ohm's Law relate to the concept of electrical impedance in AC circuits?
While Ohm's Law in its basic form (V = IR) applies to DC circuits, it can be extended to AC circuits through the concept of impedance. Impedance is a more general form of resistance that includes the effects of capacitance and inductance. In AC circuits, the relationship becomes V = IZ, where Z is the impedance. This extension of Ohm's Law allows for the analysis of more complex circuits with frequency-dependent components, crucial for understanding AC power systems and electronic devices.
33. What is the relationship between Ohm's Law and the concept of electrical load in a circuit?
Ohm's Law is directly related to the concept of electrical load. An electrical load is any device that consumes power in a circuit, and it can be characterized by its resistance (or more generally, its impedance). According to Ohm's Law, the current drawn by a load depends on its resistance and the applied voltage. This relationship is crucial for designing power supplies and ensuring that circuits can handle the current demands of connected loads without overloading or voltage drops.
34. How does Ohm's Law help in understanding the function of a rheostat?
Ohm's Law is key to understanding rheostats. A rheostat is a variable resistor used to control current in a circuit. By changing its resistance, a rheostat alters the current flow according to Ohm's Law (I = V/R). As the resistance increases, the current decreases, and vice versa. This allows for precise control of current in applications like dimming lights or controlling motor speed. Understanding this relationship through Ohm's Law is essential for properly designing and using rheostat-controlled circuits.
35. How can Ohm's Law be used to explain the concept of electrical resistance in different materials?
Ohm's Law provides a framework for understanding electrical resistance in materials. The resistance of a material determines how much it opposes the flow of electric current for a given voltage. Materials with low resistance (good conductors) allow more current to flow for a given voltage, while materials with high resistance (insulators) allow less. By measuring the current flow for a known voltage, we can use Ohm's Law to calculate the resistance, helping categorize materials as conductors, semiconductors, or insulators. This application of Ohm's Law is fundamental in materials science and electrical engineering.
36. How does Ohm's Law help in understanding the concept of electrical impedance matching?
Ohm's Law is fundamental to understanding impedance matching, especially in its extended form for AC circuits. Impedance matching aims to maximize power transfer between a source and a load by ensuring their impedances are equal. While impedance is more complex than simple resistance, the principles of Ohm's Law still apply. By manipulating the relationship between voltage, current, and impe
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