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Anomalous Behaviour of Boron

Anomalous Behaviour of Boron

Edited By Shivani Poonia | Updated on Jul 02, 2025 06:27 PM IST

Boron is derived from the element found in everyday-use materials: laundry detergents and glass. Boron compounds are contained in the display screen of a smartphone and an interface that treats and makes water safe to drink. These unique properties set it apart from the rest of its group members in the periodic table.

This Story also Contains
  1. Anomalous Boron
  2. Boron's Anomalous Behaviour - Different Aspects
  3. Impact and Applications of Boron's Anomalous Behaviour
  4. Some Solved Examples
  5. Summary
Anomalous Behaviour of Boron
Anomalous Behaviour of Boron

Certain important trends can be observed in the chemical behaviour of group 13 elements. The tri-chlorides, bromides and iodides of all these elements being covalent are hydrolysed in water. Species like tetrahedral [M(OH)4]- and octahedral [M(H2O)6]3+, except in boron, exist in an aqueous medium.
The monomeric trihalides, being electron-deficient, are strong Lewis acids. Boron trifluoride easily reacts with Lewis bases such as NH3 to complete octet around boron.

F3 B+:NH3F3 BNH3

It is due to the absence of d orbitals that the maximum covalence of B is 4. Since the d orbitals are available with Al and other elements, the maximum covalence can be expected beyond 4. Most of the other metal halides (e.g., AlCl3) are dimerised through halogen bridging (e.g., Al2Cl6). The metal species completes its octet by accepting electrons from halogen in these halogen-bridged molecules.

Anomalous Boron

Boron is an element with atomic number 5 and at the metalloids group. It is very hard, having a high melting point. It is one of the Group 13 nonmetals that include aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium. This could be due to the small atomic size, high ionization energy, and lack of d-orbitals. Small atomic radii result in compact structures of the boron atom with strong covalent bonding and, hence, unique physical and chemical characteristics. For example, it forms covalent bonds and not metallic bonding as in Al and Ga. It may well be that understanding some of these major differences would go a long way in viewing the peculiar behaviour of Boron.

Boron's Anomalous Behaviour - Different Aspects

Many properties of boron differ significantly from the other members of that group. It primarily forms a covalent type of compounds, such as borates and boranes, rather than the ionic type of compounds. On the other hand, in sharp contrast with aluminium oxide, which is ionic, the covalent oxide of boron is stable, B₂O₃, similar to carbon dioxide, CO₂. One more interesting property of the behaviour of boron is that compactness and high electronegativity let it create complex structures, which are in the form of boron clusters and polymers. Besides this, whereas aluminium reacts quickly with acids and bases, so boron is passive towards these—another dislike. These reasons help show the variety and importance of how boron does not follow the trend for a Group 13 compound.

Impact and Applications of Boron's Anomalous Behaviour

The great properties of boron raise important applications across a wide range of fields. Most industrially, its compounds find application in the making of borosilicate glass known for its robustness and ability to withstand drastic thermal shock. Its fibres have a great ratio of strength to weight and are, thus, importantly applied in aerospace engineering. These semiconductors have important applications in making p-type materials in the construction of various types of electronic devices, like transistors and solar cells. The role of boron in medicine is also quite important, for BNCT is an experimental neutron-capture therapy for cancer. At the same time, it is an essential micronutrient required for plant growth in agriculture, for it has a role in cell wall formation and nutrient transport. Its extensive applications justify the value it has for modern technology and science.

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Some Solved Examples

Example 1

Question:
Which one of the following anions cannot be formed by a boron?

  1. BF63−
  2. BH4-
  3. B(OH)4
  4. BO2
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Solution:
Boron cannot expand its octet due to the non-availability of d-orbitals. The maximum covalence of Boron cannot exceed 4. Due to the absence of low-lying vacant d orbital in B, sp3d2 hybridization is not possible and hence BF63− will not form.

Hence, the answer is option (1).

Example 2

Question:
The anomalous behaviour of Boron is due to:

  1. The smallest size in the group
  2. High ionisation energy
  3. Does not have vacant d - orbital
  4. All of the above

Solution:
The anomalous behaviour of boron is due to its smallest size in the group, high ionization energy, and the absence of vacant d-orbitals in its valence shell.

Hence, the answer is option (4).

Example 3

Question:
Which of these statements is not true?

  1. NO+ is not isoelectronic with O2
  2. B is always covalent in its compounds
  3. In an aqueous solution, the Tl+ ion is much more stable than Tl3+
  4. LiAlH4 is a versatile reducing agent in organic synthesis.

Solution:
Boron is always covalent in its compounds.

Hence, the answer is option (2).

Summary

The large field of applications underlines the goodness of boron for modern technology and science. The anomalous behaviour was explained due to the small atomic size, high ionization energy and, thirdly, the absence of d-orbitals by boric acid. It is due to the formation of stable covalent compounds, resistance to acids and bases, and the nature of complex formation that special characteristics are denoted towards boron. Made by the properties, boron became an undeniable material in various industrial, electronic, medicinal, and agricultural uses. Not only would its importance add to more exploration in the realm of chemistry, but it would also bring new avenues with technological development.


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Why is Boron an anomaly from the rest of the elements in Group 13?

Boron is small in atomic size; its ionization energy is high because there are no d-orbitals, hence there will be strong covalent bonding. Moreover, it shows quite several unique chemical and physical properties. All of the above features make the given chemical very different from all the other Group 13 elements.


2. Some of the common applications of boron are in daily life.

It is mainly used to make borosilicate glass, which is at once thermally resistant and at the same time very hard. This chemical is also found in various laundry detergents and water purification and it is part of electronic instruments, for example, in transistors, solar cells, etc.


3. What do you find as differences in the resistance of boron to acids and bases as against the aluminium?

The rigidity ensured by the boron is due to its strong covalent bonding and stable covalent compounds as opposed to aluminium which readily reacts with acids and bases hence relatively less reactive to both acidic and basic conditions.


4. Role of boron in agriculture?

This becomes one of the very useful microelements for plants. It plays a key role in the plants during cell wall formation, transportation of nutrients, and overall health of the plants. Low levels of boron will lead to retarded growth and reduced crop yields.


5. How is boron used in cancer treatment?

Boron is used for experimental therapy for cancer. Boron neutron capture therapy works to pinpoint cancer by delivering boron compounds into the site of a tumour.


6. Why does boron form covalent compounds while other group 13 elements tend to form ionic compounds?
Boron forms covalent compounds due to its high ionization energy and electronegativity compared to other group 13 elements. It's more energetically favorable for boron to share electrons than to lose them completely. Other group 13 elements, being larger and having lower ionization energies, can more easily lose electrons to form ionic compounds.
7. How does boron's melting point compare to other group 13 elements, and why?
Boron has a much higher melting point (2076°C) compared to other group 13 elements. This is due to the strong covalent bonds in its crystal structure, which require more energy to break. In contrast, other group 13 elements have metallic bonding, resulting in lower melting points.
8. What is diborane, and why is its structure considered unusual?
Diborane (B₂H₆) is a boron hydride compound with an unusual structure featuring two three-center two-electron bonds. This structure is a result of boron's electron deficiency and inability to form a conventional octet. The bridging hydrogen atoms in diborane demonstrate boron's unique bonding capabilities.
9. Why is boron often referred to as a metalloid?
Boron is referred to as a metalloid because it exhibits properties of both metals and non-metals. It can conduct electricity at high temperatures like a metal but is a poor conductor at room temperature. It also forms covalent compounds like non-metals but can form some intermetallic compounds.
10. What is the "inert pair effect," and why doesn't it apply to boron?
The inert pair effect refers to the reluctance of the s-electrons in the outermost shell to participate in bonding, often seen in heavier elements. This effect doesn't apply to boron because it's a small atom with no inner d-orbitals, allowing all its valence electrons to participate in bonding.
11. Why is boron considered anomalous among the group 13 elements?
Boron is considered anomalous because it differs significantly from other group 13 elements in its properties and behavior. This is primarily due to its small size, high ionization energy, and tendency to form covalent bonds rather than ionic bonds. Unlike other group 13 elements, boron is a metalloid and does not readily form a +3 ion.
12. What is the electronic configuration of boron, and how does it contribute to its unique behavior?
Boron's electronic configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p¹. This configuration, with only three valence electrons, makes it difficult for boron to achieve an octet. As a result, boron tends to form electron-deficient compounds and engage in unique bonding arrangements, such as three-center two-electron bonds.
13. Why doesn't boron form a simple B³⁺ ion like other group 13 elements form M³⁺ ions?
Boron doesn't form a simple B³⁺ ion because removing three electrons requires an extremely high amount of energy. The ionization energies for boron are much higher than for other group 13 elements due to its small size and tightly held electrons. Instead, boron prefers to share electrons and form covalent bonds.
14. What is meant by "electron deficiency" in boron compounds?
Electron deficiency in boron compounds refers to the situation where boron has fewer than eight electrons in its valence shell. This occurs because boron typically forms three covalent bonds, leaving it with only six electrons in its valence shell. This deficiency often leads to unique bonding arrangements and reactivity.
15. How does the size of boron compare to other group 13 elements, and why is this significant?
Boron is significantly smaller than other group 13 elements due to its position in the periodic table. This small size leads to higher electronegativity and a tendency to form covalent rather than ionic bonds, setting it apart from its larger counterparts in the group.
16. How does boron's electron deficiency affect its Lewis acid behavior?
Boron's electron deficiency makes it a strong Lewis acid. With only six electrons in its valence shell, boron compounds can readily accept an electron pair from Lewis bases. This property is fundamental to many boron reactions and is responsible for its use in various synthetic applications.
17. How does boron's ability to form network covalent structures affect its properties?
Boron's ability to form network covalent structures, such as in elemental boron, results in high melting points, hardness, and electrical resistivity. These properties are due to the strong covalent bonds throughout the structure, which require significant energy to break.
18. How does the electronegativity of boron compare to other group 13 elements, and what are the implications?
Boron has a higher electronegativity than other group 13 elements due to its smaller size and nuclear charge. This higher electronegativity means boron is more likely to share or gain electrons rather than lose them, leading to covalent bonding and its unique chemical behavior.
19. What is a "three-center two-electron bond," and why is it important in boron chemistry?
A three-center two-electron bond is a type of chemical bond where two electrons are shared among three atoms. This bonding is common in boron compounds due to its electron deficiency. It allows boron to achieve stability by sharing electrons with more than one atom, compensating for its inability to form a complete octet through normal covalent bonding.
20. How does the reactivity of boron compare to that of aluminum?
Boron is generally less reactive than aluminum. While aluminum readily reacts with air to form a protective oxide layer and vigorously reacts with acids, boron is more inert. This difference is due to boron's stronger covalent bonding and its tendency to form a protective oxide layer that prevents further reaction.
21. How does the reactivity of boron with halogens compare to that of other group 13 elements?
Boron reacts less vigorously with halogens compared to other group 13 elements. It forms covalent halides (e.g., BF₃, BCl₃) rather than ionic ones. This is due to boron's higher electronegativity and smaller size, which favor covalent bonding. The resulting boron halides are often Lewis acids due to boron's electron deficiency.
22. How does boron's first ionization energy compare to that of beryllium and carbon?
Boron's first ionization energy is higher than beryllium's but lower than carbon's. This trend is due to the increasing effective nuclear charge across the period, balanced by electron-electron repulsion. Boron's relatively high ionization energy contributes to its preference for covalent bonding.
23. Why does boron form cluster compounds, and what are some examples?
Boron forms cluster compounds due to its electron deficiency and ability to form multicenter bonds. Examples include boranes like B₄H₁₀ and B₅H₉. These clusters allow boron to achieve greater stability by sharing electrons among multiple atoms.
24. How does the reactivity of boron with water compare to that of other group 13 elements?
Boron is less reactive with water compared to other group 13 elements. While aluminum and gallium react with water to produce hydrogen gas, boron only reacts with steam at very high temperatures. This is due to boron's stronger covalent bonding and the formation of a protective oxide layer.
25. What is boron nitride, and how does its structure relate to boron's anomalous behavior?
Boron nitride (BN) is a compound with a structure similar to graphite or diamond, depending on the crystalline form. Its formation demonstrates boron's ability to form strong covalent bonds and network structures, which is unusual for group 13 elements but typical of boron's anomalous behavior.
26. How does the atomic radius of boron compare to its ionic radius, and why is this significant?
Boron's atomic radius is significantly larger than its ionic radius (B³⁺). This unusual property is due to boron's high ionization energy and reluctance to form a B³⁺ ion. The small size of the hypothetical B³⁺ ion demonstrates why boron prefers covalent bonding over ionic bonding.
27. Why does boron form strong covalent bonds with non-metals, unlike other group 13 elements?
Boron forms strong covalent bonds with non-metals due to its high electronegativity and small size. These properties allow boron to effectively share electrons with other non-metals, forming stable covalent compounds. Other group 13 elements, being more metallic, tend to form more ionic bonds with non-metals.
28. How does the electron affinity of boron compare to other group 13 elements, and what does this indicate about its behavior?
Boron has a lower electron affinity compared to other group 13 elements. This means it's less likely to gain an electron to form a negative ion. This property, combined with its high ionization energy, contributes to boron's preference for covalent bonding and its unique chemical behavior.
29. What is the significance of boron's ability to form double bonds in certain compounds?
Boron's ability to form double bonds in compounds like boron nitride (BN) is significant because it's unusual for a group 13 element. This property allows boron to achieve greater stability in some compounds and contributes to its diverse chemistry. It's a result of boron's small size and ability to use its p orbitals effectively.
30. How does the coordination number of boron typically differ from other group 13 elements, and why?
Boron typically has a lower coordination number (often 3 or 4) compared to other group 13 elements (which can have coordination numbers up to 6). This is due to boron's smaller size and its tendency to form covalent rather than ionic bonds. The lower coordination number is also related to boron's electron deficiency.
31. Why is boron trifluoride (BF₃) a strong Lewis acid, and how does this relate to boron's anomalous behavior?
Boron trifluoride (BF₃) is a strong Lewis acid because the boron atom has an incomplete octet and can accept an electron pair. This property is directly related to boron's anomalous behavior, specifically its electron deficiency and inability to form a stable B³⁺ ion. The Lewis acidity of BF₃ demonstrates boron's unique electronic properties.
32. How does the hydrolysis of boron compounds differ from that of other group 13 element compounds?
The hydrolysis of boron compounds often results in the formation of boric acid (H₃BO₃), which is a weak acid. This differs from other group 13 elements, whose compounds typically hydrolyze to form strong bases. The difference is due to boron's covalent bonding and its tendency to form acids rather than release hydroxide ions.
33. What is the "diagonal relationship" between boron and silicon, and how does it manifest?
The diagonal relationship between boron and silicon refers to similarities in their chemical properties, despite being in different groups. Both form covalent network solids, have similar electronegativity, and form acidic oxides. This relationship is due to similar charge-to-size ratios and demonstrates boron's unique position among the elements.
34. How does the oxide of boron (B₂O₃) differ from the oxides of other group 13 elements?
Boron oxide (B₂O₃) is acidic, while the oxides of other group 13 elements are amphoteric or basic. B₂O₃ forms boric acid when dissolved in water, unlike the hydroxides formed by other group 13 oxides. This difference is due to boron's higher electronegativity and its tendency to form covalent rather than ionic bonds.
35. Why does boron form stable hydrides (boranes) more readily than other group 13 elements?
Boron forms stable hydrides (boranes) more readily due to its small size and ability to form strong covalent bonds with hydrogen. Its electron deficiency allows for the formation of unique structures like three-center two-electron bonds. Other group 13 elements, being larger and more metallic, don't form such stable or diverse hydrides.
36. What is the significance of boron's ability to form stable organometallic compounds?
Boron's ability to form stable organometallic compounds, such as organoboranes, is significant because it allows for various synthetic applications in organic chemistry. This property stems from boron's electron deficiency and its ability to form strong covalent bonds with carbon. Organoboranes are used in hydroboration reactions and other organic syntheses.
37. How does the crystal structure of elemental boron differ from those of other group 13 elements?
Elemental boron has a complex crystal structure based on icosahedral units, unlike the simpler metallic structures of other group 13 elements. This unique structure is a result of boron's tendency to form covalent bonds and its electron deficiency. The complexity of boron's structure contributes to its high melting point and hardness.
38. Why does boron not typically participate in redox reactions like other group 13 elements?
Boron doesn't typically participate in redox reactions because it doesn't have easily accessible oxidation states other than +3. Unlike other group 13 elements that can form +1 oxidation states, boron's small size and high ionization energy make it energetically unfavorable to lose or gain electrons in redox processes.
39. How does the behavior of boron in aqueous solutions differ from that of aluminum?
In aqueous solutions, boron compounds tend to form boric acid (H₃BO₃), a weak acid, while aluminum forms amphoteric hydroxides. Boron doesn't form a simple hydrated ion like Al(H₂O)₆³⁺. This difference is due to boron's covalent bonding tendency and its inability to form a stable B³⁺ ion in solution.
40. What is the importance of boron's ability to form strong bonds with oxygen?
Boron's ability to form strong bonds with oxygen is important in various applications. It leads to the formation of borosilicate glass, which is heat-resistant and used in laboratory glassware. This property also contributes to the stability of boric acid and borates, which have various industrial and medicinal uses.
41. How does the nuclear charge of boron affect its chemical behavior compared to other group 13 elements?
Boron's relatively high nuclear charge for its size results in tightly held electrons and high ionization energy. This affects its chemical behavior by promoting covalent bonding and electron-deficient compounds, unlike the more metallic behavior of larger group 13 elements with more shielded nuclei.
42. Why is boron often used as a dopant in semiconductors?
Boron is used as a p-type dopant in semiconductors because it has three valence electrons, one fewer than silicon or germanium. When boron replaces a silicon atom in the crystal lattice, it creates a "hole" that can conduct positive charge. This property is related to boron's electron deficiency and its ability to form covalent bonds.
43. How does the polarizing power of boron compare to other group 13 elements, and what are the implications?
Boron has a higher polarizing power than other group 13 elements due to its smaller size and higher charge density. This means boron can more effectively distort electron clouds of nearby atoms or ions, leading to more covalent character in its compounds and contributing to its Lewis acid behavior.
44. What role does boron's electron deficiency play in its ability to form complex ions?
Boron's electron deficiency allows it to form complex ions by accepting electron pairs from ligands. For example, the tetrafluoroborate ion [BF₄]⁻ forms when BF₃ accepts a fluoride ion. This behavior is a direct result of boron's incomplete octet and its strong Lewis acid character.
45. How does the bond angle in boron trihalides (BX₃) compare to the ideal 109.5° for sp³ hybridization, and why?
The bond angle in boron trihalides (BX₃) is 120°, which is consistent with sp² hybridization, not the 109.5° of sp³ hybridization. This is because boron uses its 2s and two 2p orbitals for bonding, leaving one empty p orbital. This trigonal planar geometry is a consequence of boron's electron deficiency and its inability to form four bonds like carbon.
46. Why does boron form stronger π-backbonding in its compounds compared to other group 13 elements?
Boron forms stronger π-backbonding in its compounds due to its small size and the availability of empty p orbitals. This allows for better overlap with filled orbitals of ligands

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