BITSAT Exam 2026 - Session 2 City Allotment (Today), Choice Filling, Scorecard, Cutoff, Counselling

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Measurement: Physical quantities and SI units, dimensional analysis, precision, significant figures
• Chemical reactions: Laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory; mole concept; atomic, molecular and molar masses; percentage composition empirical & molecular formula; balanced chemical equations & stoichiometry
• Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, gaseous state: Kinetic energy and molecular speeds; gas Laws, ideal behavior, ideal gas equation, empirical derivation of gas equation
• Avogadro number, deviation from ideal behaviour-critical temperature, liquefaction of gases, Van der Waals equation
• Liquid state: Vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity
• Solid state: Classification; space lattices & crystal systems; unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell-cubic & hexagonal systems; close packing
• Solid state: Crystal structures-simple AB and AB2 type ionic crystals, covalent crystals-diamond & graphite, metals. Voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, Imperfections-point defects, non-stoichiometric crystals; electrical
• Solid state: Magnetic and dielectric properties; amorphous solids-qualitative description. Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators, and n- and p-type semiconductors

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Introduction: Subatomic particles; atomic number, isotopes and isobars, Thomson’s model and its limitations, Rutherford’s picture of atom and its limitations; hydrogen atom spectrum and Bohr model and its limitations
• Quantum mechanics: Wave-particle duality-De Broglie relation, uncertainty principle; hydrogen atom: Quantum numbers and wave functions, atomic orbitals and their shapes (s, p, and d), spin quantum number
• Many electron atoms: Pauli exclusion principle; Aufbau principle and the electronic configuration of atoms, Hund’s rule

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Brief history of the development of periodic tables, periodic law and the modern periodic table; types of elements: s, p, d, and f blocks; periodic trends: Ionization energy, atomic, and ionic radii, inert gas radii, electron affinity
• Periodic trends: Electron affinity, electronegativity and valency
• Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100
• Valence electrons, ionic bond: Lattice energy and Born-Haber cycle; covalent character of ionic bonds and polar character of covalent bond, bond parameters
• Molecular structure: Lewis picture & resonance structures, VSEPR model & molecular shapes
• Covalent bond: Valence bond theory-orbital overlap, directionality of bonds & hybridization (s, p, & d orbitals only), resonance; molecular orbital theory-methodology, orbital energy level diagram, bond order
• Covalent bond: Magnetic properties for homonuclear diatomic species (qualitative idea only)
• Dipole moments; hydrogen bond

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Basic concepts: Systems and surroundings; state functions; intensive & extensive properties; zeroth Law and temperature
• First law of thermodynamics: Work, internal energy, heat, enthalpy, heat capacities and specific heats, measurements of ∆U and ∆H, Enthalpies of formation, phase transformation, ionization, electron gain; thermochemistry; Hess’s law
• First law of thermodynamics: Enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, atomization, sublimation, solution and dilution
• Second law: Spontaneous and reversible processes; entropy; Gibbs free energy related to spontaneity and non-spontaneity, non-mechanical work; standard free energies of formation, free energy change and chemical equilibrium
• Third law: Introduction

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Concentration units: Mole fraction, molarity, and molality
• Solutions: Solubility of solids and gases in liquids, vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, relative lowering of vapor pressure, depression in freezing point; elevation in boiling point; osmotic pressure, determination of molecular mass
• Solutions: Solid solutions, abnormal molecular mass, Van’t Hoff factor
• Equilibrium: Dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action
• Physical equilibrium: Equilibria involving physical changes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas, solid-gas)
• Chemical equilibria: Equilibrium constants (KP, KC), factors affecting equilibrium, Le-Chatelier’s principle
• Ionic equilibria: Strong and weak electrolytes, acids and bases (Arrhenius, Lewis, Lowry and Bronsted) and their dissociation; degree of ionization, ionization of water; ionization of polybasic acids, pH; buffer solutions
• Ionic equilibria: Henderson equation, acid-base titrations; hydrolysis; solubility product of sparingly soluble salts; common Ion effect
• Factors affecting equilibria: Concentration, temperature, pressure, catalysts, significance of ΔG and ΔG0 in chemical equilibria

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Redox reactions: Oxidation-reduction reactions (electron transfer concept); oxidation number; balancing of redox reactions; electrochemical cells and cell reactions; standard electrode potentials; EMF of galvanic cells; Nernst equation
• Redox reactions: Factors affecting the electrode potential; Gibbs energy change and cell potential; secondary cells; dry cells, fuel cells; corrosion and its prevention
• Electrolytic conduction: Electrolytic conductance; specific and molar conductivities; variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s law and its application, electrolysis, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis
• Electrolytic conduction: Electrode potential and electrolysis

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Aspects of kinetics: Rate and Rate expression of a reaction; rate constant; order and molecularity of the reaction; integrated rate expressions and half-life for zero and first order reactions
• Factor affecting the rate of the reactions: Concentration of the reactants, catalyst; size of particles, temperature dependence of rate constant concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment); activation energy
• Factor affecting the rate of the reactions: Arrhenius equation
• Surface chemistry: Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gasses on solids; catalysis-homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity-enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: Distinction between true solutions
• Surface chemistry: Colloidal state-colloids and suspensions; lyophilic, lyophobic multi molecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulations; emulsions-types of emulsions

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Hydrogen: Element: unique position in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes; dihydrogen-preparation, properties, reactions, and uses; Molecular, saline, ionic, covalent, interstitial hydrides; water: Properties; structure and aggregation of water molecules
• Hydrogen: Water-heavy water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reaction, structure & use, hydrogen as a fuel
• S-block elements: Abundance and occurrence; anomalous properties of the first elements in each group; diagonal relationships; trends in the variation of properties (ionization energy, atomic & ionic radii)
• Alkali metals: Lithium, sodium and potassium-occurrence, extraction, reactivity, and electrode potentials; biological importance; reactions with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens and water; Basic nature of oxides and hydroxides; halides
• Alkali metals: Properties and uses of compounds such as NaCl, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaOH, KCl, and KOH
• Alkaline earth metals: Magnesium and calcium-occurrence, extraction, reactivity and electrode potentials; reactions with O2, H2O, H2 and halogens; solubility and thermal stability of oxo salts; biological importance of Ca and Mg
• Alkaline earth metals: Preparation, properties and uses of important compounds such as CaO, Ca(OH)2, Plaster of Paris, MgSO4, MgCl2, CaCO3, and CaSO4

Chemistry: Unit 09

• General: Abundance, distribution, physical and chemical properties, isolation and uses of elements; trends in chemical reactivity of elements of a group; electronic configuration, oxidation states; anomalous properties of first element of each group
• Group 13 elements: Boron; properties and uses of borax, boric acid, boron hydrides & halides. Reaction of aluminum with acids and alkalis
• Group 14 elements: Carbon-carbon catenation, physical & chemical properties, uses, allotropes (graphite, diamond, fullerenes), oxides, halides and sulphides, carbides; silicon: Silica, silicates, silicone, silicon tetrachloride, zeolites, and their uses
• Group 15 elements: Dinitrogen; preparation, reactivity and uses of nitrogen; industrial and biological nitrogen fixation; compound of nitrogen; ammonia: Haber’s process, properties and reactions; oxides of nitrogen and their structures
• Group 15 elements: Properties and Ostwald’s process of nitric acid production; fertilizers-NPK type; production of phosphorus; allotropes of phosphorus; preparation, structure and properties of hydrides, oxides
• Group 15 elements: Oxoacids (elementary idea only) and halides of phosphorus, phosphine
• Group 16 elements: Isolation and chemical reactivity of dioxygen; acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides; preparation, structure and properties of ozone; allotropes of sulphur; preparation/production properties and uses of sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid
• Group 16 elements: Structure and properties of oxides, oxoacids (structures only)
• Group 17 and group 18 elements: Structure and properties of hydrides, oxides, oxoacids of halogens (structures only); preparation, properties & uses of chlorine & HCl; interhalogen compounds; bleaching powder
• Group 17 and group 18 elements: Uses of group 18 elements, preparation, structure and reactions of xenon fluorides, oxides, and oxoacids
• D-block elements: General trends in the chemistry of first row transition elements; metallic character; oxidation state; ionization enthalpy; ionic radii; color; catalytic properties; magnetic properties; interstitial compounds
• D-block elements: Occurrence and extraction of iron, copper, silver, zinc, and mercury; alloy formation; steel and some important alloys; preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7, KMnO4
• F-Block elements: Lanthanoids and actinoids; oxidation states and chemical reactivity of lanthanoids compounds; lanthanide contraction and its consequences, comparison of actinoids and lanthanoids
• Coordination compounds: Coordination number; ligands; Werner’s coordination theory; IUPAC nomenclature
• Coordination compounds: Application and importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems e.g. chlorophyll, vitamin B12, and hemoglobin); bonding: valence-bond approach
• Coordination compounds: Bonding-crystal field theory (qualitative); isomerism including stereoisomerisms

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Classification: General Introduction, classification based on functional groups, trivial and IUPAC nomenclature. Methods of purification: Qualitative and quantitative
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive, resonance effects, and hyperconjugation; free radicals; carbocations, carbanions, nucleophiles and electrophiles; types of organic reactions, free radical halogenations
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive, resonance effects, and hyperconjugation; free radicals; carbocations, carbanions, nucleophiles and electrophiles; types of organic reactions, free radial halogenations
• Alkenes and alkynes: Structure of double and triple bonded compounds; general methods of preparation and reactions, physical properties, electrophilic and free radical additions, addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides
• Alkenes and alkynes: Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect, ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition; acidic character of alkynes and (1,2 and 1,4) addition to dienes
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: Sources; properties; isomerism; resonance delocalization; aromaticity; polynuclear hydrocarbons; IUPAC nomenclature; mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: Directive influence and effect of substituents on reactivity; carcinogenicity and toxicity
• Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Physical properties, nomenclature, optical rotation, chemical reactions and mechanism of substitution reaction
• Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Uses and environmental effects; di, tri, tetrachloromethanes, iodoform, freon and DDT

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Conformations: Ethane conformations; Newman and Sawhorse projections
• Geometrical isomerism in alkenes

Chemistry: Unit 12

• General: Nomenclature, electronic structure, important methods of preparation, identification, important reactions, physical and chemical properties, uses of alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones
• General: Carboxylic acids, nitro compounds, amines, diazonium salts, cyanides and isocyanides
• Specific: Reactivity of alpha-hydrogen in carbonyl compounds, effect of substituents on alpha carbon on acid strength, comparative reactivity of acid derivatives, mechanism of nucleophilic addition and dehydration
• Specific: Basic character of amines, methods of preparation, and their separation, importance of diazonium salts in synthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Carbohydrates: Classification; monosaccharides; structures of pentoses and hexoses; simple chemical reactions of glucose, disaccharides: Reducing and non-reducing sugars- sucrose, maltose and lactose
• Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides-elementary idea of structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen
• Proteins: Amino acids; peptide bond; polypeptides; primary structure of proteins; simple idea of secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins; denaturation of proteins and enzymes
• Nucleic acids: Types of nucleic acids; primary building blocks of nucleic acids (chemical composition of DNA & RNA); primary structure of DNA and its double helix
• Vitamins: Classification, structure, functions in biosystems; hormones
• Polymers: Classification of polymers; general methods of polymerization; molecular mass of polymers; biopolymers and biodegradable polymers; methods of polymerization (free radical, cationic and anionic addition polymerizations)
• Polymers: Copolymerization-natural rubber; vulcanization of rubber; synthetic rubbers. Condensation polymers. Some important polymers: Natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, and rubber
• Pollution: Environmental pollutants; soil, water and air pollution; chemical reactions in atmosphere; smog; major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain; ozone and its reactions; depletion of ozone layer and its effects; industrial air pollution
• Pollution: Greenhouse effect and global warming; green chemistry, study for control of environmental pollution
• Chemicals in medicine, health-care and food: Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, anti-fertility drugs, antihistamines, antibiotics, antacids; preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, antioxidants
• Chemicals in medicine, health-care and food: Soaps and detergents

Chemistry: Unit 14

• Volumetric analysis: Principles; standard solutions of sodium carbonate and oxalic acid; acid-base titrations; redox reactions involving KI, H2SO4, Na2SO3, Na2S2O3 and H2S; potassium permanganate in acidic, basic and neutral media
• Volumetric analysis: Titrations of oxalic acid, ferrous ammonium sulphate with KMnO4, K2Cr2O7/ Na2S2O3, Cu(II)/ Na2S2O3
• Qualitative analysis of inorganic salts: Principles in the determination of the cations Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, Mn2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4 +, Fe3+, Ni2+
• Qualitative analysis of inorganic salts: Principles in the determination of the anions CO3 2-, S2-, SO4 2-, SO3 2-, NO2-, NO3-, Cl-, Br-, I-, PO4 3-, CH3COO-, C2O4 2-
• Physical chemistry experiments: Preparation and crystallization of alum, copper sulphate, benzoic acid ferrous sulphate, double salt of alum and ferrous sulphate, potassium ferric sulphate, temperature vs. solubility
• Physical chemistry experiments: Study of pH charges by common ion effect in case of weak acids and weak bases, pH measurements of some solutions obtained from fruit juices
• Physical chemistry experiments: Solutions of known and varied concentrations of acids, bases, and salts using pH paper or universal indicator, lyophilic and lyophobic sols, dialysis, role of emulsifying agents in emulsification
• Physical chemistry experiments: Equilibrium studies involving ferric and thiocyanate ions-(i) [Co(H2O)6] 2+ and chloride ions, enthalpy determination for strong acid vs. strong base neutralization reaction
• Physical chemistry experiments: Equilibrium studies involving ferric and thiocyanate ions-(ii) hydrogen bonding interaction between acetone and chloroform; rates of the reaction between-(i) sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid
• Physical chemistry experiments: Rates of the reaction between-(ii) potassium iodate and sodium sulphite, (iii) iodide vs. hydrogen peroxide, concentration and temperature effects in these reactions
• Purification methods: Filtration, crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography. Principles of melting point and boiling point determination; principles of paper chromatographic separation-Rf values
• Qualitative analysis of organic compounds: Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorous and halogens; detection of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in foodstuff; detection of alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic
• Qualitative analysis of organic compounds: Amino groups and unsaturation
• Principles of organic chemistry experiments: Preparation of, acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, di-benzyl acetone, aniline yellow, beta-naphthol-aniline dye
• Basic laboratory technique: Cutting glass tube and glass rod, bending a glass tube, drawing out a glass jet, boring of cork

English proficiency: Unit 01

• Determiners, prepositions, modals, adjectives, relative pronouns
• Agreement, time and tense
• Parallel construction
• Voice, transformation
• Question tags, relative clauses

English proficiency: Unit 02

• Odd word, one word, spelling & word formation, homophones
• Contextual meanings of vocabulary (definitions, academic vocabulary, connotation)
• Synonyms, antonyms, collocations
• Phrasal verbs & idioms
• Analogy

English proficiency: Unit 03

• Content/ideas (finding main ideas, reaching conclusions using supporting evidence, anticipation of ideas, distinguishing facts from opinions)
• Vocabulary (figurative usage: Metaphors and similes; select CLOZE)
• Summary (findings from options the correct summary)
• Referents
• Reorganization of information (Jigsaw Reading)

English proficiency: Unit 04

• Rearrangement (word order; logical organization of paragraph)
• Paragraph & unity (identifying the correct topic sentence;)
• Linkers/connectives

Logical reasoning: Unit 01

• Analogy: Analogy means correspondence. In the questions based on analogy, a particular relationship is given and another similar relationship has to be identified from the alternatives provided
• Classification: Classification means to assort the items of a given group on the basis of certain common quality they possess and then spot the odd option out
• Series completion: Here series of numbers or letters are given and one is asked to either complete the series or find out the wrong part in the series
• Logical deduction: Reading passage-Here a brief passage is given and based on the passage the candidate is required to identify the correct or incorrect logical conclusions
• Chart logic: Here a chart or a table is given that is partially filled in and asks to complete it in accordance with the information given either in the chart/table or in the question

Logical reasoning: Unit 02

• Pattern perception: Here a certain pattern is given and generally a quarter is left blank. The candidate is required to identify the correct quarter from the given options
• Figure formation and analysis: Here the candidate is required to analyze and form a figure from the various given parts
• Paper cutting: Here the candidate analyses a pattern that is formed when a folded piece of paper is cut into a definite design
• Figure matrix: Here the candidate is given more than one set of figures in the form of a matrix, which follow the same rule. The candidate is required to follow the rule and identify the missing figure
• Rule detection: Here a particular rule is given and the candidate is required to select from the given sets of figures, a set of figures, which obey the rule and form the correct series

Mathematics: Unit 01

• Complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation, properties of modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality, roots of complex numbers, geometric interpretations; fundamental theorem of algebra
• Theory of quadratic equations, quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions
• Arithmetic and geometric progressions, arithmetic, geometric and arithmetico geometric series, sums of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series, sums of squares and cubes of the first n natural numbers
• Logarithms and their properties
• Exponential series
• Permutations and combinations, permutations as an arrangement and combination as selection, simple applications
• Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients, Pascal’s triangle
• Matrices and determinants of order two or three, properties and evaluation of determinants, addition and multiplication of matrices, adjoint and inverse of matrices, solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables
• Elementary row and column operations of matrices, types of matrices, applications of determinants in finding the area of triangles
• Sets, relations and functions, algebra of sets applications, equivalence relations, mappings, one to one, into and onto mappings, composition of mappings, binary operation, inverse of function
• Functions of real variables like polynomial, modulus, signum and greatest integer
• Mathematical reasoning and methods of proofs, mathematically acceptable statements
• Connecting words/phrases-consolidating the understanding of “if and only if (necessary and sufficient) condition”, “implies”, “and/or”, “implied” by”, “and”, “or”, “there exists” and through variety of examples related to real life and mathematics
• Validating the statements involving the connecting words-difference between contradiction, converse and contrapositive, mathematical induction
• Linear inequalities, solution of linear inequalities in one variable (algebraic) and two variables (graphical)

Mathematics: Unit 02

• Measurement of angles in radians and degrees, positive and negative angles, trigonometric ratios, functions with their graphs and identities
• Solution of trigonometric equations
• Inverse trigonometric functions

Mathematics: Unit 03

• Cartesian coordinates, distance between two points, section formulae, shift of origin
• Straight lines and pair of straight lines: Equation of straight lines in various forms, angle between two lines, distance of a point from a line, lines through the point of intersection of two given lines
• Straight lines and pair of straight lines: Equation of the bisector of the angle between two lines, concurrent lines
• Circles: Equation of circle in standard form, parametric equations of a circle
• Conic sections: Parabola, ellipse and hyperbola their eccentricity, directrices & foci

Mathematics: Unit 04

• Coordinate axes and coordinate planes, distance between two points, section formula, direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space and skew lines
• Angle between two lines whose direction ratios are given, shortest distance between two lines
• Equation of a plane, distance of a point from a plane, condition for coplanarity of three lines, angles between two planes, angle between a line and a plane

Mathematics: Unit 05

• Domain and range of a real valued function, limits and continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, differentiability
• Derivative of different types of functions (polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, implicit functions), derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, chain rule, parametric form
• Geometric interpretation of derivative, tangents and normal
• Increasing and decreasing functions, maxima and minima of a function
• Rolle’s theorem, mean value theorem and intermediate value theorem

Mathematics: Unit 06

• Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard functions
• Methods of integration: Integration by substitution, integration by parts, integration by partial fractions, and integration by trigonometric identities
• Definite integrals and their properties, fundamental theorem of integral calculus, applications in finding areas under simple curves
• Application of definite integrals to the determination of areas of regions bounded by simple curves

Mathematics: Unit 07

• Order and degree of a differential equation, formulation of a differential equation whole general solution is given, variables separable method
• Solution of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree
• Linear first order differential equations

Mathematics: Unit 08

• Various terminology in probability, axiomatic and other approaches of probability, addition and multiplication rules of probability
• Conditional probability, total probability and Baye’s theorem
• Independent events
• Discrete random variables and distributions with mean and variance

Mathematics: Unit 09

• Direction ratio/cosines of vectors, addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio
• Dot and cross products of two vectors, projection of a vector on a line
• Scalar triple products and their geometrical interpretations

Mathematics: Unit 10

• Measures of dispersion
• Analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances

Mathematics: Unit 11

• Various terminology and formulation of linear Programming
• Solution of linear programming using graphical method, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (upto three non trivial constraints)

Mathematics: Unit 12

• Formulation of simple real life problem, solution using matrices, calculus and linear programming

Chemistry: Unit 01

• Measurement: Physical quantities and SI units, dimensional analysis, precision, significant figures
• Chemical reactions: Laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory; mole concept; atomic, molecular and molar masses; percentage composition empirical & molecular formula; balanced chemical equations & stoichiometry
• Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, gaseous state: Kinetic energy and molecular speeds; gas Laws, ideal behavior, ideal gas equation, empirical derivation of gas equation
• Avogadro number, deviation from ideal behaviour-critical temperature, liquefaction of gases, Van der Waals equation
• Liquid state: Vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity
• Solid state: Classification; space lattices & crystal systems; unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell-cubic & hexagonal systems; close packing
• Solid state: Crystal structures-simple AB and AB2 type ionic crystals, covalent crystals-diamond & graphite, metals. Voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, Imperfections-point defects, non-stoichiometric crystals; electrical
• Solid state: Magnetic and dielectric properties; amorphous solids-qualitative description. Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators, and n- and p-type semiconductors

Chemistry: Unit 02

• Introduction: Subatomic particles; atomic number, isotopes and isobars, Thomson’s model and its limitations, Rutherford’s picture of atom and its limitations; hydrogen atom spectrum and Bohr model and its limitations
• Quantum mechanics: Wave-particle duality-De Broglie relation, uncertainty principle; hydrogen atom: Quantum numbers and wave functions, atomic orbitals and their shapes (s, p, and d), spin quantum number
• Many electron atoms: Pauli exclusion principle; Aufbau principle and the electronic configuration of atoms, Hund’s rule

Chemistry: Unit 03

• Brief history of the development of periodic tables, periodic law and the modern periodic table; types of elements: s, p, d, and f blocks; periodic trends: Ionization energy, atomic, and ionic radii, inert gas radii, electron affinity
• Periodic trends: Electron affinity, electronegativity and valency
• Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100
• Valence electrons, ionic bond: Lattice energy and Born-Haber cycle; covalent character of ionic bonds and polar character of covalent bond, bond parameters
• Molecular structure: Lewis picture & resonance structures, VSEPR model & molecular shapes
• Covalent bond: Valence bond theory-orbital overlap, directionality of bonds & hybridization (s, p, & d orbitals only), resonance; molecular orbital theory-methodology, orbital energy level diagram, bond order
• Covalent bond: Magnetic properties for homonuclear diatomic species (qualitative idea only)
• Dipole moments; hydrogen bond

Chemistry: Unit 04

• Basic concepts: Systems and surroundings; state functions; intensive & extensive properties; zeroth Law and temperature
• First law of thermodynamics: Work, internal energy, heat, enthalpy, heat capacities and specific heats, measurements of ∆U and ∆H, Enthalpies of formation, phase transformation, ionization, electron gain; thermochemistry; Hess’s law
• First law of thermodynamics: Enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, atomization, sublimation, solution and dilution
• Second law: Spontaneous and reversible processes; entropy; Gibbs free energy related to spontaneity and non-spontaneity, non-mechanical work; standard free energies of formation, free energy change and chemical equilibrium
• Third law: Introduction

Chemistry: Unit 05

• Concentration units: Mole fraction, molarity, and molality
• Solutions: Solubility of solids and gases in liquids, vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, relative lowering of vapor pressure, depression in freezing point; elevation in boiling point; osmotic pressure, determination of molecular mass
• Solutions: Solid solutions, abnormal molecular mass, Van’t Hoff factor
• Equilibrium: Dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action
• Physical equilibrium: Equilibria involving physical changes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas, solid-gas)
• Chemical equilibria: Equilibrium constants (KP, KC), factors affecting equilibrium, Le-Chatelier’s principle
• Ionic equilibria: Strong and weak electrolytes, acids and bases (Arrhenius, Lewis, Lowry and Bronsted) and their dissociation; degree of ionization, ionization of water; ionization of polybasic acids, pH; buffer solutions
• Ionic equilibria: Henderson equation, acid-base titrations; hydrolysis; solubility product of sparingly soluble salts; common Ion effect
• Factors affecting equilibria: Concentration, temperature, pressure, catalysts, significance of ΔG and ΔG0 in chemical equilibria

Chemistry: Unit 06

• Redox reactions: Oxidation-reduction reactions (electron transfer concept); oxidation number; balancing of redox reactions; electrochemical cells and cell reactions; standard electrode potentials; EMF of galvanic cells; Nernst equation
• Redox reactions: Factors affecting the electrode potential; Gibbs energy change and cell potential; secondary cells; dry cells, fuel cells; corrosion and its prevention
• Electrolytic conduction: Electrolytic conductance; specific and molar conductivities; variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s law and its application, electrolysis, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis
• Electrolytic conduction: Electrode potential and electrolysis

Chemistry: Unit 07

• Aspects of kinetics: Rate and Rate expression of a reaction; rate constant; order and molecularity of the reaction; integrated rate expressions and half-life for zero and first order reactions
• Factor affecting the rate of the reactions: Concentration of the reactants, catalyst; size of particles, temperature dependence of rate constant concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment); activation energy
• Factor affecting the rate of the reactions: Arrhenius equation
• Surface chemistry: Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gasses on solids; catalysis-homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity-enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: Distinction between true solutions
• Surface chemistry: Colloidal state-colloids and suspensions; lyophilic, lyophobic multi molecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulations; emulsions-types of emulsions

Chemistry: Unit 08

• Hydrogen: Element: unique position in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes; dihydrogen-preparation, properties, reactions, and uses; Molecular, saline, ionic, covalent, interstitial hydrides; water: Properties; structure and aggregation of water molecules
• Hydrogen: Water-heavy water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reaction, structure & use, hydrogen as a fuel
• S-block elements: Abundance and occurrence; anomalous properties of the first elements in each group; diagonal relationships; trends in the variation of properties (ionization energy, atomic & ionic radii)
• Alkali metals: Lithium, sodium and potassium-occurrence, extraction, reactivity, and electrode potentials; biological importance; reactions with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens and water; Basic nature of oxides and hydroxides; halides
• Alkali metals: Properties and uses of compounds such as NaCl, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaOH, KCl, and KOH
• Alkaline earth metals: Magnesium and calcium-occurrence, extraction, reactivity and electrode potentials; reactions with O2, H2O, H2 and halogens; solubility and thermal stability of oxo salts; biological importance of Ca and Mg
• Alkaline earth metals: Preparation, properties and uses of important compounds such as CaO, Ca(OH)2, Plaster of Paris, MgSO4, MgCl2, CaCO3, and CaSO4

Chemistry: Unit 09

• General: Abundance, distribution, physical and chemical properties, isolation and uses of elements; trends in chemical reactivity of elements of a group; electronic configuration, oxidation states; anomalous properties of first element of each group
• Group 13 elements: Boron; properties and uses of borax, boric acid, boron hydrides & halides. Reaction of aluminum with acids and alkalis
• Group 14 elements: Carbon-carbon catenation, physical & chemical properties, uses, allotropes (graphite, diamond, fullerenes), oxides, halides and sulphides, carbides; silicon: Silica, silicates, silicone, silicon tetrachloride, zeolites, and their uses
• Group 15 elements: Dinitrogen; preparation, reactivity and uses of nitrogen; industrial and biological nitrogen fixation; compound of nitrogen; ammonia: Haber’s process, properties and reactions; oxides of nitrogen and their structures
• Group 15 elements: Properties and Ostwald’s process of nitric acid production; fertilizers-NPK type; production of phosphorus; allotropes of phosphorus; preparation, structure and properties of hydrides, oxides
• Group 15 elements: Oxoacids (elementary idea only) and halides of phosphorus, phosphine
• Group 16 elements: Isolation and chemical reactivity of dioxygen; acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides; preparation, structure and properties of ozone; allotropes of sulphur; preparation/production properties and uses of sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid
• Group 16 elements: Structure and properties of oxides, oxoacids (structures only)
• Group 17 and group 18 elements: Structure and properties of hydrides, oxides, oxoacids of halogens (structures only); preparation, properties & uses of chlorine & HCl; interhalogen compounds; bleaching powder
• Group 17 and group 18 elements: Uses of group 18 elements, preparation, structure and reactions of xenon fluorides, oxides, and oxoacids
• D-block elements: General trends in the chemistry of first row transition elements; metallic character; oxidation state; ionization enthalpy; ionic radii; color; catalytic properties; magnetic properties; interstitial compounds
• D-block elements: Occurrence and extraction of iron, copper, silver, zinc, and mercury; alloy formation; steel and some important alloys; preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7, KMnO4
• F-Block elements: Lanthanoids and actinoids; oxidation states and chemical reactivity of lanthanoids compounds; lanthanide contraction and its consequences, comparison of actinoids and lanthanoids
• Coordination compounds: Coordination number; ligands; Werner’s coordination theory; IUPAC nomenclature
• Coordination compounds: Application and importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems e.g. chlorophyll, vitamin B12, and hemoglobin); bonding: valence-bond approach
• Coordination compounds: Bonding-crystal field theory (qualitative); isomerism including stereoisomerisms

Chemistry: Unit 10

• Classification: General Introduction, classification based on functional groups, trivial and IUPAC nomenclature. Methods of purification: Qualitative and quantitative
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive, resonance effects, and hyperconjugation; free radicals; carbocations, carbanions, nucleophiles and electrophiles; types of organic reactions, free radical halogenations
• Alkenes and alkynes: Structure of double and triple bonded compounds; general methods of preparation and reactions, physical properties, electrophilic and free radical additions, addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides
• Alkenes and alkynes: Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect, ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition; acidic character of alkynes and (1,2 and 1,4) addition to dienes
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: Sources; properties; isomerism; resonance delocalization; aromaticity; polynuclear hydrocarbons; IUPAC nomenclature; mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: Directive influence and effect of substituents on reactivity; carcinogenicity and toxicity
• Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Physical properties, nomenclature, optical rotation, chemical reactions and mechanism of substitution reaction
• Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Uses and environmental effects; di, tri, tetrachloromethanes, iodoform, freon and DDT

Chemistry: Unit 11

• Conformations: Ethane conformations; Newman and Sawhorse projections
• Geometrical isomerism in alkenes

Chemistry: Unit 12

• General: Nomenclature, electronic structure, important methods of preparation, identification, important reactions, physical and chemical properties, uses of alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones
• General: Carboxylic acids, nitro compounds, amines, diazonium salts, cyanides and isocyanides
• Specific: Reactivity of alpha-hydrogen in carbonyl compounds, effect of substituents on alpha carbon on acid strength, comparative reactivity of acid derivatives, mechanism of nucleophilic addition and dehydration
• Specific: Basic character of amines, methods of preparation, and their separation, importance of diazonium salts in synthetic organic chemistry

Chemistry: Unit 13

• Carbohydrates: Classification; monosaccharides; structures of pentoses and hexoses; simple chemical reactions of glucose, disaccharides: Reducing and non-reducing sugars- sucrose, maltose and lactose
• Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides-elementary idea of structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen
• Proteins: Amino acids; peptide bond; polypeptides; primary structure of proteins; simple idea of secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins; denaturation of proteins and enzymes
• Nucleic acids: Types of nucleic acids; primary building blocks of nucleic acids (chemical composition of DNA & RNA); primary structure of DNA and its double helix
• Vitamins: Classification, structure, functions in biosystems; hormones
• Polymers: Classification of polymers; general methods of polymerization; molecular mass of polymers; biopolymers and biodegradable polymers; methods of polymerization (free radical, cationic and anionic addition polymerizations)
• Polymers: Copolymerization-natural rubber; vulcanization of rubber; synthetic rubbers. Condensation polymers. Some important polymers: Natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, and rubber
• Pollution: Environmental pollutants; soil, water and air pollution; chemical reactions in atmosphere; smog; major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain; ozone and its reactions; depletion of ozone layer and its effects; industrial air pollution
• Pollution: Greenhouse effect and global warming; green chemistry, study for control of environmental pollution
• Chemicals in medicine, health-care and food: Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, anti-fertility drugs, antihistamines, antibiotics, antacids; preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, antioxidants
• Chemicals in medicine, health-care and food: Soaps and detergents

Chemistry: Unit 14

• Volumetric analysis: Principles; standard solutions of sodium carbonate and oxalic acid; acid-base titrations; redox reactions involving KI, H2SO4, Na2SO3, Na2S2O3 and H2S; potassium permanganate in acidic, basic and neutral media
• Volumetric analysis: Titrations of oxalic acid, ferrous ammonium sulphate with KMnO4, K2Cr2O7/ Na2S2O3, Cu(II)/ Na2S2O3
• Qualitative analysis of inorganic salts: Principles in the determination of the cations Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, Mn2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4 +, Fe3+, Ni2+
• Qualitative analysis of inorganic salts: Principles in the determination of the anions CO3 2-, S2-, SO4 2-, SO3 2-, NO2-, NO3-, Cl-, Br-, I-, PO4 3-, CH3COO-, C2O4 2-
• Physical chemistry experiments: Preparation and crystallization of alum, copper sulphate, benzoic acid ferrous sulphate, double salt of alum and ferrous sulphate, potassium ferric sulphate, temperature vs. solubility
• Physical chemistry experiments: Study of pH charges by common ion effect in case of weak acids and weak bases, pH measurements of some solutions obtained from fruit juices
• Physical chemistry experiments: Solutions of known and varied concentrations of acids, bases, and salts using pH paper or universal indicator, lyophilic and lyophobic sols, dialysis, role of emulsifying agents in emulsification
• Physical chemistry experiments: Equilibrium studies involving ferric and thiocyanate ions-(i) [Co(H2O)6] 2+ and chloride ions, enthalpy determination for strong acid vs. strong base neutralization reaction
• Physical chemistry experiments: Equilibrium studies involving ferric and thiocyanate ions-(ii) hydrogen bonding interaction between acetone and chloroform; rates of the reaction between-(i) sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid
• Physical chemistry experiments: Rates of the reaction between-(ii) potassium iodate and sodium sulphite, (iii) iodide vs. hydrogen peroxide, concentration and temperature effects in these reactions
• Purification methods: Filtration, crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography. Principles of melting point and boiling point determination; principles of paper chromatographic separation-Rf values
• Qualitative analysis of organic compounds: Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorous and halogens; detection of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in foodstuff; detection of alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic
• Qualitative analysis of organic compounds: Amino groups and unsaturation
• Principles of organic chemistry experiments: Preparation of, acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, di-benzyl acetone, aniline yellow, beta-naphthol-aniline dye
• Basic laboratory technique: Cutting glass tube and glass rod, bending a glass tube, drawing out a glass jet, boring of cork

English proficiency: Unit 01

• Determiners, prepositions, modals, adjectives, relative pronouns
• Agreement, time and tense
• Parallel construction
• Voice, transformation
• Question tags, relative clauses

English proficiency: Unit 02

• Odd word, one word, spelling & word formation, homophones
• Contextual meanings of vocabulary (definitions, academic vocabulary, connotation)
• Synonyms, antonyms, collocations
• Phrasal verbs & idioms
• Analogy

English proficiency: Unit 03

• Content/ideas (finding main ideas, reaching conclusions using supporting evidence, anticipation of ideas, distinguishing facts from opinions)
• Vocabulary (figurative usage: Metaphors and similes; select CLOZE)
• Summary (findings from options the correct summary)
• Referents
• Reorganization of information (Jigsaw Reading)

English proficiency: Unit 04

• Rearrangement (word order; logical organization of paragraph)
• Paragraph & unity (identifying the correct topic sentence;)
• Linkers/connectives

Logical reasoning: Unit 01

• Analogy: Analogy means correspondence. In the questions based on analogy, a particular relationship is given and another similar relationship has to be identified from the alternatives provided
• Classification: Classification means to assort the items of a given group on the basis of certain common quality they possess and then spot the odd option out
• Series completion: Here series of numbers or letters are given and one is asked to either complete the series or find out the wrong part in the series
• Logical deduction: Reading passage-Here a brief passage is given and based on the passage the candidate is required to identify the correct or incorrect logical conclusions
• Chart logic: Here a chart or a table is given that is partially filled in and asks to complete it in accordance with the information given either in the chart/table or in the question

Logical reasoning: Unit 02

• Pattern perception: Here a certain pattern is given and generally a quarter is left blank. The candidate is required to identify the correct quarter from the given options
• Figure formation and analysis: Here the candidate is required to analyze and form a figure from the various given parts
• Paper cutting: Here the candidate analyses a pattern that is formed when a folded piece of paper is cut into a definite design
• Figure matrix: Here the candidate is given more than one set of figures in the form of a matrix, which follow the same rule. The candidate is required to follow the rule and identify the missing figure
• Rule detection: Here a particular rule is given and the candidate is required to select from the given sets of figures, a set of figures, which obey the rule and form the correct series

Biology: Unit 01

• Biology-its meaning and relevance to mankind
• What is living; taxonomic categories and aids; systematics and binomial system of nomenclature
• Introductory classification of living organisms (two-kingdom system, five-kingdom system)
• Plant kingdom-salient features of major groups (algae to angiosperms)
• Animal kingdom-salient features of non chordates upto phylum, and chordates up to class level

Biology: Unit 02

• Cell wall; cell membrane; endomembrane system (ER, golgi apparatus/dictyosome, lysosomes, vacuoles); mitochondria; plastids; ribosomes; cytoskeleton; cilia and flagella; centrosome and centriole; nucleus; microbodies
• Structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic, and between plant and animal cells
• Cell cycle (various phases); mitosis; meiosis
• Biomolecules-structure and function of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
• Enzymes-chemical nature, types, properties and mechanism of action

Biology: Unit 03

• Mendelian inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; gene interaction; incomplete dominance; codominance; complementary genes; multiple alleles
• Linkage and crossing over; inheritance patterns of hemophilia and blood groups in humans
• DNA-its organization and replication; transcription and translation
• Gene expression and regulation; DNA fingerprinting
• Theories and evidences of evolution, including modern Darwinism

Biology: Unit 04

• Morphology of a flowering plant; tissues and tissue systems in plants; anatomy and function of root, stem (including modifications), leaf, inflorescence, flower (including position and arrangement of different whorls, placentation)
• Fruit and seed; types of fruit; secondary growth
• Absorption and movement of water (including diffusion, osmosis and water relations of cell) and of nutrients; translocation of food; transpiration and gaseous exchange; mechanism of stomatal movement
• Mineral nutrition: Macro- and micronutrients in plants including deficiency disorders; biological nitrogen fixation mechanism
• Photosynthesis-light reaction, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; various pathways of carbon dioxide fixation; photorespiration; limiting factors
• Respiration-anaerobic, fermentation, aerobic; glycolysis, TCA cycle; electron transport system; energy relations

Biology: Unit 05

• Human physiology, digestive system-organs, digestion and absorption; respiratory system-organs, breathing and exchange and transport of gases
• Body fluids and circulation-blood, lymph, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity; hypertension, coronary artery diseases
• Excretion system-urine formation, regulation of kidney function
• Locomotion and movement-skeletal system, joints, muscles, types of movement
• Control and coordination-central and peripheral nervous systems, structure and function of neuron, reflex action and sensory reception; role of various types of endocrine glands; mechanism of hormone action

Biology: Unit 06

• Asexual methods of reproduction
• Sexual reproduction-development of male and female gametophytes; pollination (types and agents); fertilization; development of embryo, endosperm, seed and fruit (including parthenocarpy and helminth)
• Growth and movement-growth phases; types of growth regulators and their role in seed dormancy, germination and movement
• Apical dominance; senescence; abscission; photoperiodism; vernalisation
• Various types of movements

Biology: Unit 07

• Male and female reproductive systems
• Menstrual cycle; gamete production; fertilisation; implantation
• Embryo development
• Pregnancy and parturition
• Birth control and contraception

Biology: Unit 08

• Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche
• Ecological levels of organization (organism to biosphere); characteristics of species, population, biotic community and ecosystem; succession and climax
• Ecosystem-biotic and abiotic components; ecological pyramids; food chain and food web
• Energy flow; major types of ecosystems including agroecosystem
• Ecological adaptations-structural and physiological features in plants and animals of aquatic and desert habitats
• Biodiversity and environmental issues-meaning, types and conservation strategies (biosphere, reserves, national parks and sanctuaries), air and water pollution (sources and major pollutants)
• Global warming and climate change; ozone depletion; noise pollution; radioactive pollution; methods of pollution control (including an idea of bioremediation); deforestation; extinction of species (hot spots)

Biology: Unit 09

• Animal husbandry-livestock, poultry, fisheries; major animal diseases and their control
• Pathogens of major communicable diseases of humans caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans and helminths, and their control
• Cancer; AIDS
• Adolescence and drug/alcohol abuse
• Basic concepts of immunology
• Plant breeding and tissue culture in crop improvement

Biology: Unit 10

• Microbes as ideal system for biotechnology
• Microbial technology in food processing, industrial production (alcohol, acids, enzymes, antibiotics), sewage treatment and energy generation
• Steps in recombinant DNA technology-restriction enzymes, DNA insertion by vectors and other methods, regeneration of recombinants
• Applications of R-DNA technology in human health-production of insulin, vaccines and growth hormones, organ transplant, gene therapy
• Applications in industry and agriculture-production of expensive enzymes, strain improvement to scale up bioprocesses, GM crops by transfer of genes for nitrogen fixation, herbicide-resistance and pest-resistance including Bt crops