Structure of Ear: Facts, Function, Parts

Edited By Irshad Anwar | Updated on Jul 02, 2025 06:49 PM IST

The ear has two major functions hearing and balance. It is composed of three parts the outer ear, which collects the sound; the middle ear, which amplifies sound through small bones and the inner ear, which converts it into signals to the brain. The inner ear contains the vestibular system, which helps in the control of balance. This is an important topic in biology, mainly for the NEET and AIIMS BSc Nursing exams where questions are asked from sensory systems.

This Story also Contains

Human Ear
Anatomy of Ear
Physiology of the Ear
Hearing Mechanism
Recommended Video on the Structure of Ear

Structure of Ear: Facts, Function, Parts

Human Ear

The human ear consists of two functions hearing and balance. Three elements make up the human ear, the outer ear collects the sound, the middle ear amplifies it, and the inner ear translates it into electrical signals that are sent to the brain. The inner ear also contains structures associated with balance. Put simply, the human ear helps us hear and balance ourselves.

Also Read:

Anatomy of Ear

The anatomy of the ear involves three regions that are closely related: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear.

Parts of the Outer Ear

Anatomy of the ear's outer or external parts includes the following:

Pinna

Small hairs and glands on the outermost part secrete sticky wax and will avoid the entry of foreign organisms and dust into the ear. It will receive the sound.

External Auditory Canal (Meatus)

Runs from the pinna to the tympanic membrane, packed with wax glands.

Tympanic Membrane

Made of connective tissue, it is covered on the outside by skin and is lined with a mucous membrane on the inside. This membrane separates the external ear from the middle ear.

Anatomy of the External Ear

The auricle is a thin plate of yellow elastic cartilage moulded into definite ridges furrows and depressions. The concha runs into the external auditory canal. It is also formed by the helix and antihelix.

The external auditory canal is a curved, s-shaped tube that extends up to the tympanic membrane. It is lined by skin, but the skin falls by being very thin and contains thin hair and wax-producing glands to keep it clear from the entry of foreign particles.

Pinna Function

The pinna is the organ of the auditory system responsible for gathering sound vibrations. Vibrations reach the pinna travel and, through and into the middle ear via the external auditory canal.

Middle Ear

The middle ear contains the following anatomy:

Ossicles

A chain of three tiny bones: malleus, incus, and stapes.

Malleus

The malleus is a bone shaped like a hammer fixed to the tympanic membrane.

Incus

A bone between them.

Stapes

This is the smallest bone among the human, and it is stirrup-shaped. This bone is connected to the oval window within the cochlea.

Eustachian Tube

It joins the middle ear and the pharynx. It balances the middle ear pressure with the external atmospheric pressure.
The pressure is amplified and directed by this into the inner ear. This is an air-filled cavity with a small space in it. It can be subdivided into the tympanum and epitympanum chambers.

NEET Highest Scoring Chapters & Topics

Know Most Scoring Concepts in NEET 2024 Based on Previous Year Analysis.

Know More

Cavity of the Middle Ear

The middle ear space is an irregularly shaped cavity having four walls, a roof, and a floor.
The lateral wall is formed by the tympanic membrane.
Bone separating the cranial and middle ear cavities comprise the superior wall.
The inferior wall separates the middle ear from the jugular vein and carotid artery.
The posterior wall is separated from the mastoid antrum.
The anterior wall opens in the eustachian tube.

Structure of the Inner Ear

The inner ear structure consists of:

Bony Labyrinth

A cavity (a bony channel in the temporal bone) is divided into the semicircular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea.
It contains the membranous labyrinth, which is full of the perilymph fluid.
Endolymph fluid goes inside the membranous labyrinth.

Cochlea

The auditory organ forms a spiral, snail-shaped portion consisting of three canals, which are, the scala vestibule, scala media, and scala tympani.
Scala vestibule and scala tympani contain perilymph; however, scala media is filled with endolymph and contains the organ of Corti.
The hair cells of the cochlea are sensitive to pressure waves and convert them into nerve impulses which are then sent to the brain.

Vestibular Apparatus (Equilibrium Organ)

This apparatus is composed of two sac-like chambers, the saccule and utricle and three semicircular canals.
The saccule and utricle are associated maculae consisting of hair cells, which are surrounded by ampullary cupula and otoliths.
Semicircular canals are the endolymph filled. It opens into the utricle. The crista ampullaris in each ampulla knows the angular rotation.

Human Ear

Physiology of the Ear

It is the process through which the ear collects and processes sound and then transmits it to the brain. As a result of the entry of sound into the outer ear, it makes the eardrum vibrate. The vibrations are passed down to the ossicles in the middle ear, where they are amplified. The inner ear mainly consists of the cochlea, which changes the vibrations into electric signals that pass through the auditory nerve to the brain. The inner ear contains the vestibular system, which ensures balance.

Sound Collection: The pinna and ear canal collect sound into the outer ear.

Vibration Transmission: When sound waves reach the eardrum, they cause it to vibrate. These vibrations are transmitted through ossicles in the middle ear.

Sound Conversion: The cochlea in the inner ear converts vibrations into electrical signals.

Signal Transmission: The electrical signal is transmitted through the auditory nerve to the brain.

Balance Maintenance: The vestibular system, found in the human inner ear, is in charge of maintaining balance.

Hearing Mechanism

The hearing is brought by the organ of Corti (Cochlea). The mechanism is as follows:

The waves of sound are picked by the pinna.
These waves of sound vibrate the eardrum.
Now the vibrations are transferred to the ossicles.
The stapes transmit the vibrations to the perilymph in the cochlea.
The vibrations resonate with the basilar membrane and bend hair cell stereocilia.
The ion channels open, releasing neurotransmitters that continue a signal to the brain via the auditory nerve.

Mechanism of Maintaining Equilibrium

The vestibular apparatus maintains equilibrium.

Static Equilibrium is contained by maculae in the saccule and utricle with otoliths pressing on stereocilia.
Dynamic Equilibrium is felt by cristae in semicircular canals sensing the movement of fluid in canals.

Also Read:

Mechanism of Hearing	Receptors
Disorders of Eye and Ear	Structure of the Human Eye
Mechanism of Vision	Neuron

Recommended Video on the Structure of Ear

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are the three structures of the ear?

The three significant configurations are the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear.

2. What part of the ear is involved with balance?

The vestibular apparatus maintains balance and equilibrium of the body with saccule, utricle and semicircular canals comprising the vestibular apparatus.

3. What configuration of the ear houses the auditory receptors

The organ of Corti bearing the auditory receptors in the inner ear is located in the cochlea.

4. Among the following, in which part of the ear are hair cells found?

Hair cells are present in the organ of Corti within the cochlea.

5. Which among the following is there in the middle ear?

There are three ossicles in the middle ear: malleus, incus, and stapes.

6. What are the three main parts of the ear?

The three main parts of the ear are:

7. How do earwax and ear hairs contribute to ear health?

Earwax (cerumen) and ear hairs work together to protect the ear:

8. What is the role of the vestibule in the inner ear?

The vestibule is part of the inner ear's vestibular system. It contains two structures called the utricle and saccule, which detect linear acceleration and head position relative to gravity. This information, combined with input from the semicircular canals, helps maintain balance and spatial orientation.

9. How does age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) occur?

Age-related hearing loss, or presbycusis, typically occurs due to gradual changes in the inner ear over time. These changes include:

10. What is otosclerosis, and how does it affect hearing?

Otosclerosis is a condition where abnormal bone growth occurs in the middle ear, typically around the stapes. This can cause the stapes to become fixed in place, limiting its ability to vibrate and transmit sound effectively to the inner ear. As a result, conductive hearing loss occurs, making it difficult for sound to reach the cochlea.

11. What is the main function of the ear?

The main function of the ear is to detect and process sound waves, converting them into electrical signals that the brain can interpret. Additionally, the ear plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and spatial orientation.

12. How does sound travel through the ear?

Sound travels through the ear in a specific sequence: First, sound waves enter the outer ear and travel down the ear canal. They then cause the eardrum to vibrate, which in turn moves the three tiny bones in the middle ear. These bones amplify the vibrations and transfer them to the cochlea in the inner ear, where they are converted into electrical signals sent to the brain.

13. How does the shape of the outer ear contribute to hearing?

The shape of the outer ear, particularly the pinna (the visible part), helps to collect and funnel sound waves into the ear canal. Its unique folds and ridges also assist in localizing sound sources by slightly altering the sound waves based on their direction.

14. What is the tympanic membrane, and what is its function?

The tympanic membrane, commonly known as the eardrum, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear. Its primary function is to vibrate in response to sound waves, converting sound energy into mechanical energy that can be transmitted to the middle ear bones.

15. Why are there three bones in the middle ear instead of just one?

The three bones in the middle ear (malleus, incus, and stapes) work together to amplify sound vibrations. This arrangement allows for more efficient transfer of sound energy from the air-filled outer ear to the fluid-filled inner ear, compensating for the resistance encountered when sound moves from a less dense to a more dense medium.

16. What is tinnitus, and how is it related to ear function?

Tinnitus is the perception of ringing, buzzing, or other sounds in the ears when no external sound is present. It's often associated with damage to the hair cells in the cochlea or changes in the way the brain processes sound. Tinnitus can result from exposure to loud noises, age-related hearing loss, or other factors affecting the auditory system.

17. How does the brain determine the direction of a sound source?

The brain determines the direction of a sound source by comparing the input from both ears. It analyzes three main factors:

18. How do cochlear implants work to restore hearing?

Cochlear implants bypass damaged parts of the ear to provide sound signals directly to the auditory nerve. They consist of:

19. What is the function of the ossicles in the middle ear?

The ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) are the three tiny bones in the middle ear. Their primary functions are:

20. How does the ear maintain balance during movement?

The ear maintains balance through the vestibular system in the inner ear, which includes:

21. What is the function of the semicircular canals in the inner ear?

The semicircular canals, located in the inner ear, are primarily responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. They contain fluid and hair cells that detect rotational movements of the head in different planes. This information is sent to the brain to help coordinate body movements and maintain equilibrium.

22. What is the role of the Eustachian tube in hearing?

The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the back of the throat. Its primary roles are:

23. How does the cochlea convert sound waves into electrical signals?

The cochlea contains thousands of hair cells arranged along the basilar membrane. As sound vibrations enter the cochlea, they cause the basilar membrane to move, bending the hair cells. This mechanical movement triggers the hair cells to release neurotransmitters, which stimulate the auditory nerve fibers, converting the mechanical energy into electrical signals that the brain can interpret as sound.

24. How do loud noises damage hearing?

Loud noises can damage hearing by overstimulating the hair cells in the cochlea. Prolonged exposure to intense sound can cause these cells to become fatigued or even die. Unlike many other cells in the body, cochlear hair cells cannot regenerate, leading to permanent hearing loss.

25. What is the difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss?

Conductive hearing loss occurs when there's a problem in the outer or middle ear that prevents sound from reaching the inner ear effectively. This can be due to earwax buildup, ear infections, or damage to the eardrum or middle ear bones. Sensorineural hearing loss, on the other hand, results from damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the auditory nerve, affecting the ability to convert sound waves into electrical signals or transmit these signals to the brain.

26. How does the brain interpret pitch from the signals sent by the ear?

The cochlea is organized tonotopically, meaning different frequencies of sound stimulate different regions along its length. High-frequency sounds activate hair cells near the base of the cochlea, while low-frequency sounds activate those near the apex. The brain interprets pitch based on which hair cells are stimulated and the pattern of their activation.

27. What is the function of the round window in the cochlea?

The round window is a membrane-covered opening between the middle ear and the cochlea. Its primary function is to act as a pressure release valve for the cochlea. As the stapes pushes on the oval window, causing the cochlear fluid to move, the round window bulges outward, allowing the fluid to move freely and preventing damage from excessive pressure buildup.

28. What is the role of stereocilia in hearing?

Stereocilia are the hair-like projections on top of the hair cells in the cochlea. They play a crucial role in hearing by:

29. How does the acoustic reflex protect the inner ear from loud noises?

The acoustic reflex is a protective mechanism that helps prevent damage to the inner ear from loud noises. When exposed to a sudden loud sound:

30. What is the difference between absolute and relative pitch perception?

Absolute pitch (or perfect pitch) is the ability to identify or produce a specific musical note without any reference tone. It's a rare ability that is thought to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Relative pitch, which is more common, is the ability to identify or produce a musical note in relation to another note. Most people use relative pitch to recognize melodies and harmonies in music.

31. How does the brain process binaural beats?

Binaural beats occur when two slightly different frequencies are presented separately to each ear. The brain processes these as follows:

32. What is the function of the organ of Corti?

The organ of Corti is the primary sensory organ for hearing, located within the cochlea. Its main functions are:

33. How does the ear's structure contribute to sound localization?

The ear's structure contributes to sound localization in several ways:

34. What is otoacoustic emission, and what does it tell us about ear function?

Otoacoustic emissions are low-level sounds produced by the cochlea, specifically by the outer hair cells. They can be measured to assess cochlear function:

35. How does the auditory cortex process complex sounds?

The auditory cortex processes complex sounds through a hierarchical system:

36. What is the role of efferent feedback in hearing?

Efferent feedback in hearing refers to signals sent from the brain back to the cochlea. This system:

37. How does the ear adapt to different sound intensities?

The ear adapts to different sound intensities through several mechanisms:

38. What is the difference between congenital and acquired hearing loss?

Congenital hearing loss is present at birth or develops shortly after, often due to genetic factors or prenatal complications. Acquired hearing loss occurs after birth and can result from various factors such as noise exposure, infections, or aging. The main differences are:

39. How does the brain compensate for unilateral hearing loss?

When faced with unilateral hearing loss, the brain adapts in several ways:

40. What is the role of hair cell tonotopy in frequency discrimination?

Hair cell tonotopy refers to the systematic arrangement of hair cells along the basilar membrane of the cochlea, where each region responds best to a specific frequency. This arrangement is crucial for frequency discrimination because:

41. How does the auditory system process temporal information in sound?

The auditory system processes temporal information in sound through several mechanisms:

42. What is the cocktail party effect, and how does the auditory system achieve it?

The cocktail party effect is the ability to focus on a specific voice or sound in a noisy environment. The auditory system achieves this through:

43. How do ototoxic drugs affect hearing, and what are common examples?

Ototoxic drugs can damage the inner ear, leading to hearing loss or balance problems. They affect hearing by: