excellent to contribute exist that are observed in the process of transcription in eukaryotic and not in procures
Some of the advanced features specific to eukaryotic transcription include:
1. Chromatin Remodeling: Eukaryotic transcription is influenced by the structure of chromatin, which must be altered so that RNA polymerase gains access to DNA. This involves:
- Histone Modifications: Covalent modifications in histone proteins including acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation, a loosening or tightening of chromatin.
Chromatin Remodeling Complexes: These include SWI/SNF, among others, which bump or remove nucleosomes in a way that DNA becomes highly accessible to transcription.
2. Mediator Complex: In eukaryotes, this is a multiprotein complex that bridges the gap between many different transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. It helps integrate diverse signals from various transcription factors and enables the assembly of the transcription machinery at the promoter.
3. Alternative Splicing: Eukaryotic pre-mRNA undergoes alternative splicing-a process in which some exons are alternatively included and excluded from, or into, the mature RNA product. This allows several protein isoforms to be expressed by a single gene. Yet another degree of gene regulation and diversity not manifested in prokaryotes.
4. RNA Export: The mRNAs from the eukaryotes have to be transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm via the nuclear pore complex. It requires other proteins and signaling pathways that assist in proper RNA processing and export.
5. Promoter-Proximal Pausing: RNA polymerase II can be paused shortly after initiating transcription at the promoter-proximal region. This pause is tuned by a variety of factors and is important for the precise regulation of gene expression, including in response to developmental and environmental cues.
These features represent the complexity and regulatory sophistication of eukaryotic transcription compared to prokaryotic systems.