Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry – mole concept, percentage purity, limiting reagent.
Atomic Structure – quantum numbers, de Broglie wavelength, electronic transitions.
Thermodynamics – enthalpy, internal energy, Hess’s law, Gibbs free energy.
Equilibrium – Le Chatelier’s principle, Ka/Kb, pH, solubility product.
Redox & Electrochemistry – balancing redox, cell potential, Nernst equation.
Chemical Kinetics – rate law, order, half-life, activation energy.
Solutions and Colligative Properties – Raoult’s law, elevation or depression formulas.
Solid State and Surface Chemistry – packing efficiency, defects, and adsorption isotherms.
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