What are the different types of crystalline solids based on the nature of the intermolecular forces/bonding? Give examples of each type.
Answer (1)
Crystalline solids are classified based on the type of bonding between their constituent particles:
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Molecular Solids: Held together by weak intermolecular forces (Van der Waals, dipole-dipole, or hydrogen bonds). They are generally soft and have low melting points.
- Non-polar Molecular Solids: (e.g., Argon, Iodine) Held by London Dispersion Forces.
- Polar Molecular Solids: (e.g., Solid SO2, Solid NH3) Held by Dipole-Dipole interactions.
- Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Solids: (e.g., Ice) Held by Hydrogen bonds.
- Ionic Solids: Held together by strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions. They are hard, brittle, and have high melting points. Example: NaCl, MgO.
- Metallic Solids: Held together by metallic bonds (a sea of delocalized electrons surrounding positive metal ions). They are good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, and ductile. Example: Copper, Iron, Silver.
- Covalent or Network Solids: Atoms are linked by a network of covalent bonds throughout the crystal. They are very hard and have extremely high melting points. Example: Diamond, Graphite, Quartz (SiO2).
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