- Microglossia
- Macroglossia - introduction
- Macroglossia- part 2 (Bonus: Cretenism is Congenital Hypohyroidism)
- Macroglossia - part 3
- Macroglossia - part 4 (Bonus: Acromegaly and Gigantism)
- Lingual Thyroid Nodule
- Quiz for Section 1
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The syllabus
Developmental Defects of the tongue
Developmental Defects of the Jaws
- Micrognathia
- Macrognathia
- Hemi-facial Hypertrophy
- Hemi-facial Atrophy
- Craniofacial Dyostosis (Crouzen's Syndrome)
- Cleido-Cranial Dysplasia (CCD)
- Quiz for Section 2
Developmental Alterations in The Number of Teeth
- Supernumerary Teeth
- Quiz for Section 3
Developmental Alterations in The Shape of Teeth
- Gemination
- Concrescence
- Dens Invaginatus (Dens in Dente)
- Enamel Pearls
- Cervical Enamel Extension
Developmental Alterations in The Structure of Teeth
- Erosion
- Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta
- Hypomaturation Amelogenesis Imperfecta
- Hypomaturation and Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta
- Genes Associated with Ameologenesis Imperfecta
- Dentin Dysplasia
- Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Environmental Alterations of Teeth
- Turner's Hypoplasia
- Intrinsic Staining- Ciprofloxacin
Inflammatory Diseases of Bone
- Alveolar Osteitis (Dry Socket)
- Focal Sclerosing (condensing) Osteitis
- Acute Suppurative Osteomyelitis
- Diffuse Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
- Chronic Osteomyelitis with Proliferative Periostitis
- Osteochemonecrosis - Bisphosphonates
- Bonus: Osteomyelitis
Metabolic Bone Conditions
- Paget's Disease of Bone
- Central Giant Cell Granuloma
- Osteopetrosis
- Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Benign Fibro-osseous Lesions
- Periapical Cemento-osseous Dysplasia
- Florid Cemento-osseous Dysplasia
- Fibrous Dysplasia
- Monostotic Fibrous Dysplasia of the Jaws
- Cherubism
Non-odontogenic Tumors of Bone
- Osteoma
- Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma
- Hemangioma of Bone
- Osteosarcoma
- Chondroma and Chondrosarcoma
- Multiple Myeloma
- Bonus: Classification of Non-odontogenic Tumors of Bone
Diseases of Bone
- Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis - part 1
- Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis - part 2
- Ewing's Sarcoma
- Metastatic Tumors in the Jaws
Cysts of the Oral Region
Histiogenic Classification of Odontogenic Cysts
Odontogenic Cysts
- Radicular Cyst
- Eruption Cyst
- Dentigerous Cyst + Differences between Dentigerous Cyst and Eruption Cyst
- Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC)
- Lateral Periodontal Cyst
- Glandular Odontogenic Cyst
Non-epithelial Primary Bone Cyst (pseudocysts)
- Solitary Bone Cyst
- Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)
Odontogenic Tumors
- Ameloblastoma - part 1
- Ameloblastoma - part 2
- Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor (AOT)
- Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor (CEOT)
- Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst/Tumor
- Squamous Odontogenic Tumor
- Ameloblastic Fibroma
- Odontogenic Myxoma
Verrucal & Papillary Lesions
- Squamous Papilloma
- Condylomata lata
- Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia
- Pyostomatitis Vegetans
- Verruciform Xanthoma
- Verruca Vulgaris
Reactive Hyperplastic Fibrous Tissue Lesions
- Giant Cell Fibroma
- Epulis Fissuratum
- Pyogenic Granuloma
- Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma
Neoplastic Fibrous Tissue Lesions
- Fibrous Histiocytoma
- Fibromatosis
Adipose Tissue Lesions
Lipoma
Neural Tissue Lesions
- Neurilemoma
- Neurofibroma
- Neurofibromatosis Type I (von Recklinghausen’s Disease)
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)
- Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
Vascular Lesions
Cavernous Lymphangioma
Soft Tissue Sarcoma
- Fibrosarcoma
- Liposarcoma
- Angiosarcoma
- Kaposi's Sarcoma
Reactive Lymphoid Lesions
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia (ALHE)
Neoplastic Lymphoid Lesions
- Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- Burkitt's Lymphoma
- Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Granulocytic Sarcoma (Extra Medullary Myeloid Tumor)
- Quiz for Section 24
Benign Salivary Gland Tumors
- Origins of Benign Salivary gland Tumors
- Pleomorphic Adenoma
- Warthin's Tumors
- Quiz for Section 25
Oral Pigmented lesions -Syndrome Associated Pigmentation
- Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
- McCune-Albright Syndrome
- Drug-induced Pigmentation
Oral Pigmented lesions- Increased Number of Melanocytes
Oral Malignant Melanoma
Oral Pigmented Lesions - Red and Blue Lesions
- Sturge-Weber Syndrome
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangectasia
Hereditary White Lesions
- Leukoedema
- White Sponge Nevus
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia |Infectious White Lesions
- Oral Hairy Leukplakia is associated with Epstein-Barr virus
- Oral Hairy Leukoplakia site: tongue-bilaterally
- Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: Histology: Presence of koilocyte-like cells
Oral Lichen Planus | Immune Mediated White Lesions
- Striated OLP presents with hyperkeratosis and hyperparakeratosis
- OLP Histology: Band-like lymphocyte infiltration (mainly CD8 Cells)
- OLP Histology: Civatte bodies, Basal Cell Layer Degeneration, Vaculative necrosi
- OLP Histology: Saw-tooth Rete Ridges in Skin
- OLP is associated with hepatitis C
- OLP- Civatte Story wrap-up
- OLP Occurs most commonly in older females
- OLP has 4 clinical presentations
- OLP- Wickham's Striae (skin lesions)
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus | Immune Mediated White Lesions
- DLE is most common in middle-aged females.
- DLE: Skin lesions on face and scalp
- DLE causes hair loss
- DLE: the oral sites most commonly affected
- DLE: Oral clinical presentation
- SLE: Skin - Butterfly rash
- SLE: Affected oral sites
Oral Neoplasia and Pre-neoplasia
Premalignant/ potentially malignant Lesions
Premalignant Conditions
- List of Premalignant Conditions
- Conditions/Lesions Caused by Alcohol tobacco
- Paterson-Kelly Syndrome: Cause and Feature
Leukoplakia | Premalignant Conditions
- Leukoplakia diagnosis: by exclusion
- Leukoplakia is associated with smoking
- Leukoplakia: risk of malignant transformation - Gender
- Leukoplakia: risk of malignant transformation- Location
- Leukoplakia: risk of malignant transformation: Size
- Presence of Candida Albicans increases risk of malignant transformation
- Genetic Factors that increase the risk of malignant transformation-1
- Genetic Factors that increase the risk of malignant transformation - 2
- Genetic Factors that increase the risk of malignant transformation - 3
Treatment of Oral Cancer - Radiation
- Radiation dose- how many weeks + days/week + fractions/day.
Herpes Simplex Virus-1| Viral Infections | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders
- HSV-1: Route of infection is physical
- HSV-1: Incubation period is 1-2 weeks
- HSV-1: Primary infection: eruption of small vesicles
- HSV-1: primary infection: Herpetic gingivostomatitis + affects any oral site
- HSV-1: Primary infection: Symptoms last for 7-10 days
- HSV-1: Virus remains latent in the trigeminal ganglion
- Start HSV-1: Secondary infection: Vesicles rupture forming ulcers.
- Start HSV-1: Secondary infection: Ulcers heal in 1-2 weeks
Herpes Simplex Virus-2 | Viral Infections | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders
- HSV-2: Predilection to genital mucosa
- HSV-2: remains latent in lambosacral ganglion
- HSV-2: Histology: Inclusion bodies within keratinocytes.
Varicella-Zoster Virus | Viral Infections | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders
- Primary Infection= Varicella= chicken pox.
- VZV: Route of transmission: airborne, highly contagious.
- VZV: incubation period: 2 weeks
- Zoster: is an elderly disease
- Zoster: follows a dermatomal distribution
- Zoster: Ramsay Hunt Syndrome. (latency at cranial nerves VII and VIII)
Coxsackie Virus | Viral Infections | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders
manifestations are Herpangina, and “Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease"
Hand, Foot and, Mouth disease | Viral Infections | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders
- HFM disease: affects children
- Hand, Foot, and mouth disease: Caused by A16 coxsackie virus
- HFM disease: Transmission: airborne and orofecal routes
Herpangina | Viral Infections | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders
- Herpangina: Transmitted by saliva
- Herpangina: affects children
- Herpangina: Endemic and seasonal (summer and early autumn)
- Herpangina: sites: faucial pillars and soft palate.
Measles |Viral Infection | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders
- Measles: Belongs to paramyxovirus family
- Measles: Airborne transmission
- Measles: Seasonal (winter and spring).
- Measles Virus prodromal symptoms
- Measles Virus: Incubation period
- Measles Virus: Koplik's spots
Pemphigus | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders - Immune mediated
- The Oral mucosa is mostly affected by 2 types of pemphigus
- pemphigus: Reaction occurs at stratum spinosum level's desmosomes
- pemphigus: Antibodies mainly IgG
- Pemphigus: Antibodies become reactive to desmoglein 3
- Pemphigus: Blister formation, no ulcers (Intra epithelial lesions)
- Pemphigus: Possible genetic predisposition with certain MHC types..
- Pemphigus lesions: First to show, last to go
- Pemphigus: Positive Nikolsky's sign
- Pemphigus: Histopathology: Tzanck cells (acantholytic cells)
Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders - Immune mediated
- M.M. Pemphigoid: separation of the epithelium from the underlying CT
- M.M Pemphigoid: Immunoglobulins (mainly IgG)
- MM pemphigoid: reaction to mainly Laminin 5 and BP 180 proteins.
- MM Pemphigoid: results in oral ulcers.
- MM pemphigoid: Mostly affects adult females
- MM Pemphigoid: Positive Nikolsky's Sign
- MM Pemphigoid: Outcome: Eyes: Symblepharon, which can lead to blindness.
Bullous Pemphigoid | Vesiculo-bullous Disorders - Immune mediated
- Bullous Pemphigoid: Patients are 70-80 years
- Bullous Pemphigoid: Antigen target is BP 230 and BP 180
- Pemphigoid- General: Histopathology: Subepithelial clefting with no acantholysis