The right answer must be option 2. Pinus seed cannot germinate and establish without fungal association because it has obligate association with mycorhizzae. Fungus associated with roots of Pinus increases minerals & water absorption for the plant by increasing surface area and in turn fungus gets food from plant. Therefore, mycorrhizal association is obligatory for Pinus seed germination.

Thank you.

Hi Tejamahi,

A pinus seed cannot germinate and establish without fungal association because it has an obligate association with mycorrhizae. The fungus which is associated with the pinus roots helps in absorbing minerals and water and in turn, the plant provides the fungus with food.