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Here is a list of important maths topics commonly asked in competitive exams like SSC , Banking , Railway , NDA , CAT , JEE  and other government exams :

1. Arithmetic .

2. Algebra .

3. Geometry .

4. Trigonometry .

5. Data Interpretation .

6. Probability and Statistics .

7.Modern Mathematics .

link given for more details :

https://leverageedu.com/blog/maths-for-competitive-exams/

Hope this helps you .

Thank you

Please check out the given link below which is a great resource for JEE mains Math formulas. As you know formulas are very essential tools for solving programs quickly in the competitive  exams. So you must not just memorize the formula try to understand the concepts behind them. You must also practice regularly the application of the formulas to solve question from the mock test previous year question papers. It will be best if you create a formula sheet for quick reference during your examinations.

Math formula

Here are some essential formulas and math topics for competitive exams:

Algebra

1. Quadratic Equations: ax² + bx + c = 0

2. Linear Equations: ax + b = 0

3. Polynomial Equations: ax³ + bx² + cx + d = 0

4. Inequalities: Linear, Quadratic, and Polynomial

5. Functions: Domain, Range, Composition

Geometry

1. Points, Lines, Angles, and Planes

2. Triangles: Congruence, Similarity, Trigonometry

3. Circles: Center, Radius, Chord, Tangent

4. Coordinate Geometry: Distance, Midpoint, Slope

5. Mensuration: Area, Volume, Perimeter

Trigonometry

1. Angles: Degree, Radian, Trigonometric Ratios

2. Identities: Pythagorean, Sum, Difference

3. Equations: Linear, Quadratic

4. Graphs: Sine, Cosine, Tangent

5. Inverse Trigonometry

Calculus

1. Limits: Left, Right, Infinite

2. Derivatives: Rules, Applications

3. Integrals: Definite, Indefinite

4. Multivariable Calculus

5. Differential Equations

Number System

1. Divisibility Rules

2. Prime Numbers

3. HCF, LCM

4. Rational, Irrational Numbers

5. Modular Arithmetic

Statistics

1. Mean, Median, Mode

2. Variance, Standard Deviation

3. Probability: Theoretical, Experimental

4. Correlation, Regression

5. Time Series Analysis

Combinatorics

1. Permutations

2. Combinations

3. Binomial Theorem

4. Pascal's Triangle

5. Recurrence Relations

Other Topics

1. Set Theory

2. Graph Theory

3. Matrix Algebra

4. Vector Calculus

5. Analytical Geometry

Formulas to Remember

1. (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²

2. (a - b)² = a² - 2ab + b²

3. a² + b² = (a + b)² - 2ab

4. sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

5. cos(A + B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB