Correct Answer: All of the above

Solution : The correct answer is (d) All of the above.

Factors such as economic indicators, political stability, and interest rate differentials can all influence the long-term trend of a currency exchange rate. Let's take a closer look at each of these factors:

a) Economic indicators: Economic indicators, such as GDP growth, inflation rates, employment data, and trade balances, provide insights into the overall health and performance of an economy. Positive economic indicators, such as strong GDP growth or low inflation, can attract foreign investors and increase demand for a currency, which may lead to an appreciation in its value. Conversely, negative economic indicators can result in a decrease in demand for a currency and contribute to its depreciation.

b) Political stability: Political stability is an important factor in determining the attractiveness of a country to foreign investors. Countries with stable political environments and predictable policies are generally perceived as lower risk, which can enhance investor confidence and attract capital inflows. This increased demand for a currency can contribute to its appreciation. On the other hand, political instability, such as government changes, social unrest, or geopolitical tensions, can erode investor confidence, reduce foreign investments, and lead to currency depreciation.

c) Interest rate differentials: Interest rate differentials refer to the difference in interest rates between two countries. Higher interest rates can attract foreign investors seeking higher returns on their investments, leading to increased demand for a currency and potentially driving up its value. Conversely, lower interest rates may discourage foreign investors, reducing demand for the currency and potentially causing it to depreciate.

It's important to note that exchange rates are influenced by a wide range of factors, and their movements can be complex and influenced by multiple variables. Traders, investors, and central banks analyze these factors and their potential impact on exchange rates to make informed decisions in the foreign exchange market.