The two main themes in The Pot of Gold are irony and duplicity.

1.Irony: The play is full of irony, particularly in the constant misunderstanding of intentions. the play's plot fits into the patriarchal confines of Roman society. Phaedria's lack of agency aligns with the reality of what life was like for Roman women; her inability to make decisions for herself indicates their vulnerability to the whims of the men in their life. Indeed, even her pregnancy does not appear to be her choice, for Lyconides blames alcohol and lust on his actions, an ambiguous framing that obscures the event itself. Arranged marriage was customary in Roman life and designed to best match daughters to wealthy, successful suitors who might elevate their status. Thus, Euclio's choice to promise Phaedria to Megadorus makes sense, as he intended to use his daughter—and her suitor's willingness to forego the expected dowry—as a tool to elevate his standing and wealth.

Duplicity: The play features the duplicity of enslaved characters, who are often depicted as cunning in Plautus's works.Staphylla and Strobilus, two key characters who directly and indirectly facilitate the play's happy ending, are enslaved. Their status is important only as a plot device, for they both fit into the Roman trope of the "cunning slave." Historically, Roman slaves were captured during battle or bought from neighboring provinces; the forced labor of captive foreigners fueled the Roman economy and, soon, became integral to its function. In The Pot of Gold, their importance cannot be overstated; indeed, these "cunning slaves" ultimately lead the characters to their ultimate resolution before fading once more into the backdrop.

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