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In a materialist society of today in which lure of power, pelf and property dominates everything, non-violence seems a redundant term. Since the economic interests of one person clash with those of another, this exploitation in a way leads to the possibility of violence, either in the form of physical force or threat of it.

Modern technological developments have placed at the disposal of the mankind almost unlimited means of exploitation of the material wealth of the world. In the search for attaining this material wealth, sometimes one has to resort to violence to serve one’s ends, which directly or indirectly leads to the ruin of society. This tragic march towards ruination can be halted if we pursue the principles of non-violence as a guiding force.

Emphasizing the importance of non-violence, Mahatma Gandhi said, “Peace will never come until the Great Power courageously disarms them. It seems to me that recent events must force that belief on the Great Powers. I have an implicit faith-a faith that today burns brighter than ever. After half a century’s experience of unbroken practice of nonviolence-that mankind can only be saved through non-violence which is the central teaching of the Bible as I have understood the Bible.” All the scholarly saintly beings like Christ, Buddha, Mahavir, Nanak, Zoroaster, etc. preached the practice of nonviolence and emphasised the need for a moral code of conduct that gives due status to non-violence. Non-violence is no other than a philosophy of life-a modus operandi which has received due recognition in East and is being recognised in the West also. It is also apparent from the fact that 2nd October, the Gandhi Jayanti has been declared to be observed as International Nonviolence Day every year from 2007.

Non-violence has been interpreted differently by various people. In general, the term implies non-injury to others. The concept is largely based on the fundamental good qualities of a man. It completely negates the use of threat, physical force and violence in any situation or with anyone. One must avoid inflicting pain on others to win one’s goals however true and justifiable it may be.

A situation, however, difficult or adverse it may be, it is to be tackled in cool and calm manner avoiding violence in thought and action, the philosophy of non-violence calls for courage, strength and self-sacrifice on the part of the person practising it. It also demands a great deal of fortitude. It was therefore, that Mahatma Gandhi said that non-violence is not the weapon of the coward, but of the brave and courageous.

The philosophy of non-violence is based on love and regard for every creature, and for all living beings. Doing any kind of harm or injury to any living being is negation of the nonviolence. Application of force-physical or mental-finds no place in the philosophy of non-violence. True non-violence even rules out defensive measures based on violence against a violent onslaught.

What does the expression modus operandi mean in the given context?
Option 1: Philosophical standard
Option 2: An operative manner
Option 3: How to operate
Option 4: An unstated rule
Option 5: A dominating concept

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