Correct Answer: Economic infrastructure
 

Solution : Economic infrastructure includes infrastructure associated with energy, transportation and communication. It is important to promote economic activities for the production of goods and services.
Hence Option A is correct.

Correct Answer:  It is a means of communication with the gods.  

Solution :  In Vedic religion, the fire ritual (Agni) is significant as a means of communication with the gods, with offerings made to the fire considered as being conveyed to the divine.

Correct Answer: stalled

Solution : The correct choice is the fourth option.

The word stalled means to come to a stop or halt. In the context of globalisation, it implies that the progress or advancement of globalisation halted or stopped after World War I due to nations imposing import taxes and becoming more protective of their industries, restricting the free flow of goods and services across borders.

The meanings of other options are as follows:

• Trooped: This verb refers to moving or gathering together in groups, usually in a military sense.
• Soared: This word means to rise or increase rapidly and significantly.
• De-escalated: This term means to reduce the intensity or extent of something.

Correct Answer: Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

Solution : The correct answer is (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.

The Assertion is false. Informal communication can often be related to work matters, especially when employees discuss work-related issues, share updates, provide feedback, or seek advice from colleagues in a less formal or structured manner.

The Reason is true. Informal communication, being more relaxed and informal, can often yield valuable insights, opinions, and information related to work matters, which can be beneficial for decision-making and problem-solving. However, this reason does not sufficiently explain why the Assertion is false; instead, it introduces a different type of communication barrier.

Correct Answer: Openness

Solution : The correct answer is (d) Openness

Openness in management principles emphasizes transparency, clear communication, and an open-door policy that encourages employees to share their ideas, concerns, and feedback with the management. It promotes a culture of honesty, trust, and free exchange of information within the organization, which can lead to improved employee engagement and collaboration.

Correct Answer: Both assertions and reasons are correct, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Solution : The correct answer is (a) Both assertions and reasons are correct, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

The assertion states that the principle of "Scalar Chain" facilitates effective communication and coordination. This is true because the scalar chain in an organizational hierarchy provides a clear path for communication and coordination, helping to streamline the flow of information and decision-making.

The reason provided is that it ensures information flows through the chain of command without distortion. This is also true. The scalar chain helps in maintaining the integrity and accuracy of information as it passes through the levels of the organizational hierarchy. The chain of command ensures that information is transmitted without being significantly altered or distorted as it moves from higher levels to lower levels and vice versa, aiding effective communication and coordination. Therefore, the reason correctly explains why the assertion is true.

Correct Answer: Assertion is true, but the reason is false.

Solution : The correct answer is (c) Assertion is true, but the reason is false.

The assertion is true. An organization's structure does determine the flow of authority and communication. The organizational structure, whether hierarchical, flat, matrix, etc., defines the formal relationships and channels through which authority is delegated and communication flows within the organization.

The reason is false. The organizational structure does impact the decision-making process within the organization. The structure can influence how decisions are made, who is involved in the decision-making process, and how information is communicated for effective decision-making. The decision-making process is inherently linked to the organization's structure and cannot be separated from it.

Correct Answer: Organizational barrier

Solution : The correct answer is (c) Organizational barrier

An organizational barrier in communication refers to obstacles that arise from the structure, hierarchy, or processes within an organization, hindering effective communication. In this case, the hierarchical structure causing communication delays and misunderstandings represents an organizational barrier. The bureaucracy and layers of hierarchy can impede the swift and efficient exchange of information across different levels of the organization. A semantic barrier involves language and meaning differences, a psychological barrier relates to mental factors affecting communication, and a personal barrier pertains to individual traits affecting effective communication.

Correct Answer: Self-actualization needs

Solution : The correct answer is (c) Self-actualization needs

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a psychological theory that categorizes human needs into a pyramid structure with five levels, often depicted as a pyramid with the most fundamental needs at the bottom and higher-level needs at the top. These levels, from the base to the top, are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Self-actualization needs are at the top of Maslow's hierarchy and represent the desire to become the most that one can be, to realize one's potential, and to achieve personal growth and fulfillment. This level encompasses creativity, problem-solving, morality, acceptance of facts, and achieving one's true potential.

Correct Answer: Limited flexibility in message delivery
 

Solution : The correct answer is (b) Limited flexibility in message delivery

One of the demerits of formal communication at ABC Tech is the limited flexibility in message delivery. Formal communication often follows predefined channels and formats, which can restrict the adaptability and customization of messages to suit different audiences or situations. This can sometimes lead to messages being less effective in conveying the intended meaning or not resonating well with the recipients. Formal communication often emphasizes accuracy, clarity, and minimizing rumors or misinformation. However, it can sometimes lack the flexibility needed to engage employees effectively or address complex, dynamic, or sensitive issues.