Correct Answer: Control

Solution : The correct answer is (d) Control.

Control is a fundamental function of management and directing that involves monitoring and regulating activities to ensure they are in line with established plans and procedures. This ensures that organizational goals and objectives are being met effectively and efficiently. It involves comparing actual performance against the set standards and taking corrective actions as needed to ensure adherence to the established plans.

Correct Answer: Lower-level management

Solution : The correct answer is (c) Lower-level management

Lower-level management, also known as first-line management or supervisory management, is responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations of specific departments, teams, or units within the organization. They are directly involved in supervising employees, providing guidance, assigning tasks, monitoring performance, and ensuring that work is carried out efficiently and effectively. Lower-level managers serve as a crucial link between the organizational objectives and the employees on the front lines. They play a key role in implementing the plans and policies established by higher levels of management. Therefore, lower-level management is primarily responsible for the day-to-day operations and employee supervision.

Correct Answer: Placing an order

Solution : The correct answer is (d) Placing an order

The first step in the process of trading securities on a stock exchange is "placing an order." Investors initiate the trading process by placing orders to buy or sell securities at a specified price. Once the order is placed, it is then processed, matched with corresponding buy or sell orders, and eventually executed at the prevailing market price. After execution, the subsequent steps such as settlement, where the ownership and funds are transferred, take place.

Correct Answer: Unity of direction

Solution : The correct answer is (a) Unity of direction

The principle of "Unity of direction" in management focuses on ensuring that activities within the organization are directed towards a common goal. It involves aligning and coordinating the efforts of different departments and individuals to achieve a unified mission and common objectives. ABC Manufacturing's aim to improve coordination among its various departments aligns with the principle of unity of direction, as it emphasizes the need for a cohesive and synchronized approach across departments to work towards the organization's goals.

Correct Answer: Development of each person to their greatest efficiency

Solution : The correct answer is (b) Development of each person to their greatest efficiency

Development of each person to their greatest efficiency emphasizes enhancing employee skills and capabilities to help them reach their maximum potential and efficiency. Providing opportunities for skill development and growth aligns with this principle.

In summary, ABC Pharmaceuticals providing opportunities for skill development and growth aligns with the principle of "Development of each person to their greatest efficiency," which emphasizes enhancing employee skills and capabilities to achieve their maximum potential and efficiency within the organization.

Correct Answer: Development of each person to their greatest efficiency

Solution : The correct answer is (c) Development of each person to their greatest efficiency

Development of each person to their greatest efficiency: This principle emphasizes enhancing employee skills and capabilities to help them reach their maximum potential and efficiency. Providing training and skill development opportunities align with this principle.

In summary, ABC Manufacturing providing training and skill development opportunities aligns with the principle of "Development of each person to their greatest efficiency," which emphasizes enhancing employee skills and capabilities to achieve their maximum potential and efficiency within the organization.

Correct Answer: Lower-level management

Solution : The correct answer is (c) Lower-level management

Lower-level management, also known as first-line or front-line management, is responsible for the actual execution of plans and policies within the various departments and teams of the organization. They ensure that the day-to-day operations align with the strategies and directions set by top management. While middle-level management may also play a role in implementing these plans, it's the lower-level managers and employees who are most directly involved in carrying out the tasks necessary to achieve the organization's goals.

Correct Answer: Contribute to achieving organizational objectives

Solution : The correct answer is (c) Contribute to achieving organizational objectives.

The directing function involves guiding, instructing, and overseeing employees to align their efforts and activities towards achieving the organization's goals and objectives. It includes providing clear instructions, coordinating efforts, and motivating employees to work collectively toward common organizational aims. The directing function is about channeling individual and collective efforts toward organizational success through coordination and alignment of actions.

Correct Answer: Method study

Solution : Method studies conserved with finding one best way of doing a job. For finding best method of performing the job, critical analysis is made for plant layout,product design, material handling and work processes. Many techniques like process charts,operations, research are used here.

Hence, Option C is correct.

Correct Answer: Open communication and participation

Solution : The correct answer is (c) Open communication and participation.

Encouraging employees to share their opinions and ideas fosters an environment of open communication and active participation. It allows for collaboration, creativity, and the pooling of diverse perspectives to drive innovation and decision-making within the organization. Open communication encourages a democratic approach, collaboration, and involvement of employees in decision-making processes, rather than imposing strict control or isolation.