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31-(a) Transition metals show variable oxidation state because of their valence electron in two orbitals. Difference between the two orbitals is too less, hence both the energy levels can form bonds.

(b) Zinc (Zn) have higher tendency to loose electron when compared to that of Cupper(Cu)

(c) Mn shows +7 oxidation state with oxygen is because they are capable of forming double bonds, multiple bonds. When it comes to the case of fluorine they will become unstable.

32) Tollens is a test that is used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones. Tollens reagent is used for silver mirror test. Aldehydes gets oxidized in Tollens and ketone wont. Tollens have ammoniacal content.                                                    EQUATION- 2AgnO3 + 2NaOH --- Ag2O(s) + 2NaNO3 + H2O.

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