Short Term Courses & Certifications

The Introduction to Model-Based Development using MATLAB and Simulink course is a comprehensive study of model-based development. It is an embedded software development technology realized using MATLAB- a versatile and powerful programming platform. The course focuses on the Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), which is an electronic system used to ease the process of driving.

The Skill Lync Introduction to ADAS using MATLAB and Simulink training will make you proficient in model-based development and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). You will have an edge in concepts like Model in Loop Testing (MIL), auto code generation, Software in Loop (SIL) Testing, and development of an ADAS feature from scratch. 

Apart from the high-quality video lectures mentored by industry experts, the Introduction to Advanced Driver Assistance System using MATLAB and Simulink online training also provides industry-based projects. It will help you apply the newly acquired concepts and knowledge. Skill Lync offers a course-completion certificate to candidates finishing the curriculum. Also, students who manage to hold a position in the top 5 percent of the batch receive a merit certificate.

Fluids are all around us- from the air, we breathe to the car we ride in, fluids dictate much of our functionality and mobility in today’s world. Therefore Fluid Dynamics has become an essential domain for engineers to better understand and use to their advantage. The Introduction to CFD Using MATLAB and OpenFOAM online training provides the necessary foundation to work on simulations, numerical calculations, and predict the behaviour of fluid to master Fluid Dynamics.

The Introduction to CFD Using MATLAB and OpenFOAM programme is aimed at civil, mechanical, aerospace, automotive, and material engineers with a fundamental understanding of Fluid Dynamics, Mathematics, and programming. Candidates will get familiar with MATLAB, Octave, OpenFOAM, and Linux through project-based learning. 

Since the Introduction to CFD Using MATLAB and OpenFOAM certification training is a job leading course, after finishing it, candidates will be skilled to become CFD developer or CFD application engineer. Skill Lync provides a course completion certificate, dedicated technical support, and allows you to build a strong project portfolio in the CFD domain.

There weren't many electrical components used in automobiles in the olden days. And today, the actuators and sensors that are being instilled into the automobiles are just uncountable. The task of reading and measuring those signals is a monotonous one. With the automobile industry progressing towards automatic driving conditions, a good grip is a must to stand through any storms that might come. Here comes in the requirement of a well-developed control system, which makes "vehicle control" a crucial topic to be studied. 

This programme focuses on the fundamentals and related topics of control systems in electric vehicles. 

This course will help students enhance their understanding of behavioural concepts as well as controllers of several different control systems. The present automobile industry is speeding towards the producing and marketing sales of electric vehicles. Large numbers of Indian OEM's have already started working on electric vehicles.  Hence, knowledge of control algorithms and its significance in Electric vehicles/Heavy Electronic vehicles will be a good bet in the ongoing job market.

Skill Lync academy is introducing a programme for Machine Learning for Electrical engineers using Python for the aspirants who want to look at their careers in machine learning fields. The academy makes the candidates skilled and capable of meeting the requirement that recruiters may expect in the workplace. Therefore, aspirants who look for a job with certification in this place will be the best ones. So, the academy is useful for students to brighten their careers.

With the enhancing world with technology and machine mechanisms, all-around machine learning has become rampant nowadays. Manual work has been declined with the rapid automation of machines. Therefore, it comes to the use of Machine Learning. For efficient results, the python platform is reliable and robust. With the development criteria of security in Machine learning, many organizations vowed to work with Machine learning using Python. Therefore, there comes the need to learn Machine learning using Python.

The academy Skill Lync has collaborated with many global companies and MNCs. The academy has brought many careers to light in the fields of machine learning and artificial intelligence. There are industry experts with experience with real tools that are applicable in the workplace. Therefore, aspirants who choose this academy are in the right zone to colour their career.

The Suspension Design using ADAMS certification course is a full package of knowledge and information related to the Suspension system and its design using ADAMS. It explains a lot of difficult and advanced Multibody Dynamics concepts namely, steering wheel simulation, wheel travel simulation, and others. This course will help its learners to start a new and effective career in vehicle dynamics/motorsport engineering.

This course The Suspension Design using ADAMS certification by Skill Lync will help its learners to understand the need for a solver for some applications, utilise the model, and process the end results. This course also deals with the analysis of car models with their fundamentals. The  Suspension Design using ADAMS online course is flexible and hence easy to study and pursue. It is highly effective and helpful for the learners to have a great career ahead. 

In this era driven by technology, there have been significant improvements in business operations, resulting in the boosted performance of various industry sectors and segments. The civil engineering field, in particular, has been blessed with computer-aided drafting, which is more accurate, less time consuming and cost effective in nature. AutoCAD is one such computer-aided designing software which has assumed great significance in the field of civil engineering as well as architecture.

AutoCAD is being preferred by the majority of global civil engineering companies for drafting designs and building projects. With a plethora of in-built templates, design layouts and other packages of CAD, AutoCAD is highly advantageous to work with. The transition between 2D and 3D models coupled with standardization, AutoCAD is a time-saving and cost-reducing tool available for civil engineers.

The AutoCAD Essentials for Civil Engineer course offered by Skill Lync is specially designed for students, working professionals and employees of civil engineering companies with an aim to disseminate essential tools, concepts, applications and commands of AutoCAD software; to draft and design projects. The course involves pre-recorded learning videos, real-world industry-relevant projects and certificate of completion as well as merit.

The certification course on Introduction to Motorsport Engineering generates curiosity among the candidates who are fond of racing vehicles. This course will give the candidates a better understanding of the theories involved in designing racing cars. The instructors will provide the knowledge of essential aspects of vehicle dynamics used in racing vehicles. This course would be a good start for the candidates who are interested in Motorsport engineering. The learning is based upon the mathematical modeling that would enhance the accuracy and speed in calculations. 

At the end of the course, candidates will gain expertise in designing automobiles and vehicles using mathematical calculations. 

INSAID provides world-class training and education, irrespective of your background. It offers a unique ‘Concept to Context’ approach so that you get knowledge of real-world practices along with useful experience. The Certificate in Data Science Foundation course is provided by INSAID and is an industry-relevant course in Data Science and Machine Learning. 

In the online Certificate in Data Science Foundation course, candidates will be taught the basics of Data Science and Statistics to brush up their skills. Further, they will be introduced to common Machine Learning algorithms and how to apply them to solve real-world problems. INSAID’s world-class learning and career centres provide unparalleled services like access to CATAPULT’s Data Career Labs and Interview Prep Toolkit. 

The candidates enrolled in the Certificate in Data Science Foundation classes programme can also become domain specialists by selecting their domain specialisation in retail, telecom, e-commerce, etc. The course is divided into three terms, with the duration being one month per term. After this, students will undertake a month-long project in which they will implement the course learning. 

The Embedded Programming programme is a short-term course offered by Aptech Learning. As embedded programming is an essential concept for the proper working of any system, taking this course will guide you to develop the skills and concepts necessary to become a successfully embedded programmer. 

The field of Embedded Programming focuses on the dedicated function of a smaller device within a more extensive system. The Embedded Programming course will provide you with a head-start to acquire the fundamentals of writing codes for embedded software. The candidates will utilise the μVision Simulator and ProView 32 to program during the course of training.

Furthermore, the Aptech Education Embedded Programming training features online learning provisions, owing to the pandemic situation. The offline learning will restore when the training centres reopen. In addition, candidates can interact with their instructors by becoming a part of the Aptech online community. The course duration is three months. Classes are scheduled thrice a week for a session of two hours each.

Swift iOS Programming course focuses on providing candidates with a first-hand experience of the evolving concept of Swift programming language. The language is proven to be highly interactive and fast and has been developed for running applications on macOS, Apple for iOS, and watchOS. The curriculum emphasizes the role of the open-source LLVM compiler framework in the implementation of the Swift programming language.

Since it has also been included in Xcode, the curriculum deals with the use of Xcode IDE in iOS application development. Candidates shall be guided through the development of applications for iOS using Swift. They will also receive hands-on training for encountering practical problems and overcoming the same.

Aptech Learning has ensured that the programme is delivered by certified and industry experts who have strong command over the syllabus to provide the right professional expertise to course takers. After pursuing this course, candidates will be able to build successful careers in the current domain. Moreover, flexible class schedules ensure that even working people can pursue this course and give a boost to their career.

Aptech Learning is an educational institute providing job oriented courses to aspiring professionals in domains such as banking, finance, communication, hardware, and networking, and information technology. It makes the course material available to each one online, giving students the opportunity to learn from industry experts.

The Business Accounting course by Aptech Learning has been structured by experienced and certified faculty after a careful market study of the current trends. It intends to help the learners gain knowledge about Business Accounting and develop the relevant skills to pursue their careers. This course gives an extensive introduction to the fundamentals of business accounting.

The participants will learn about Office automation, advanced presentation techniques, MS Excel, and online business accounting processes. This coursework will provide processed based training to its participants which will enable them to understand corporate processes in shared services, finance, banking, and accounting domains. They will be capable enough to understand the stages and complexities faced while carrying out transactions and develop an efficient approach towards the same. They will be equipped with the professional skills and expertise required in their field.

The course of agile software development programme offered by the udacity platform is a great learning opportunity for all the professionals, students and learners who are associated with computer skills and the internet. It is offered as a 100 percent online programme. 

The course is a nanodegree programme and the duration for this course is flexible. According to the survey, successful students take at least 3 months to complete this course. The enrolled candidate has to invest only 5-10 hours per week. 

The fee payment is flexible; the enrolled candidate can also pay the fee each month while pursuing the course. Financial support is also provided for the students who cannot afford the fee.

While pursuing the course the enrolled candidate will get personalized feedback, practical tips, a chance to work on real-world projects, project reviews, project feedback from the experienced reviewers, resume services and linkedin profile review. This course can give a career boost as real world projects are experienced, guidance from the experts is provided.

Gap and Flushness in Automotive Body Design course by Skill Lync ensures that course takers will get to know everything about the automotive gap and flushness.

The course is designed by highly skilled professionals in such a manner that the candidates will learn and understand the concepts at their brisk pace. Candidates will learn various things about the gap and flush system, gap and flush inspection, gap and flush measurements, and so on.

The course covers all the details including the aesthetics of the product. It gives details about how things as small as size and shape play an important role in aesthetics and how even a small change can impact big. 

The course is an opportunity for everyone who has been wanting to learn and experience CATIA and Automotive Design.  The flexible fee plans of Basic, Pro, and Premium gives you the ease and comfort to choose and pay as you like. 

The Advanced Turbomachinery Simulations using CONVERGE Certification Course offered by Skill Lync provides extensive training to learners in three months regarding computational fluid Dynamics theory and its application in internal flows. The course lays special focus on simulating the superchargers, centrifugal pumps, and turbochargers. 

Problems and assignments posed in this course would strike the brains of learners and drive them to think over and understand important concepts like where the fluid separates and how fluid flows through turbomachines, apart from a comprehensive insight into a recirculation zone where it gets generated. The faculty will also engage in active discussions regarding the plot performance curve for different applications, besides answering how the shape of outlet runners and the shape of blades affect the results. 

The opportunity to work on software like Converge will be convenient and robust, given that the meshing is automated, leading to saving a lot of time and effort. Skill Lync will offer various other complementary services including resolution of doubts via email and Whatsapp. Finally, candidates will attain deep-rooted knowledge of important theories revolving around the concepts of Cavitation, Turbulence (RANS), and CHT.

Electronic Cooling Simulations using ANSYS ICEPAK course is being offered by Skill Lync to give the learners an opportunity to understand the concepts of computational fluid dynamics. Skill-Lync is a platform that provides industry-oriented advanced engineering courses for engineering students by collaborating with industry experts. ANSYS ICEPAK is a powerful CFD suite, which enables multi-physics coupling between thermal, electrical, and mechanical analyses for electronics design. 

It is combined with thermal–stress analysis, ANSYS Workbench for coupling with MCAD, with ANSYS Mechanical, and advanced post-processing through ANSYS CFD-Post. Through this course, participants will learn the procedure of providing effective cooling, modeling and treating the electronic systems manually on ICEPAK. 

They will gain knowledge about the ANSYS ICEPAK software and SpaceClaim software. SpaceClaim helps in building CAD models for CFD analysis and converts them into CAD shapes. The course covers various aspects such as physics of the problem, thoughts on simulation method, problem setup and boundary conditions, visualization to quantitative post-processing, results, and meshing of geometry. 

IC Engine Calibration using GT-POWER and GT-SUITE course is being imparted by Skill Lync to provide the learner's knowledge about calibration of IC engines. Skill-Lync provides industry-relevant courses for engineering students with the help of industry experts. Diesel and gasoline engines have great amounts of potential for combustion refinement. 

Achieving high fuel efficiency combined with good performance and drivability is important but so is focusing on the lowest possible engine-out emission. All of this depends upon calibration studies. GT-POWER and GT-SUITE are a part of the system-simulation domain as it uses sophisticated algorithms to solve fluid flow equations in composite electromechanical systems. 

Participants will learn about the importance of calibration studies and their fundamentals and the methodologies behind the calibration of IC engines. This course will be beneficial for students who aspire to develop their career as a calibration engineer targeting internal R&D projects, product development/systems development engineer, IC engine calibration engineer, or 1D-3D thermodynamic system simulation engineer. 

Intellectual Property Rights are the entitlements given to individuals over the creations made by them. The Online certificate course on Intellectual Property Rights programme offered by Indian Law Institute is perfectly outlined for hassle free distant education. This law course is fully based online and everything will be registered, monitored, evaluated, tested & solved right on time. 

The classroom would be the virtual platform in the institution’s website. Development of IPR is a recent phenomenon. The programme has been developed in a way that it will enable candidates in learning about how practically they can solve the problem. With best in class facilities, candidates will be able to access all the information with much ease via technology. This Online certificate course on Intellectual Property Rights programme intends to spread and create an awareness amongst the masses with respect to IPR. Moreover, being a popular topic amongst the lawyers community, it is a wise decision to pursue this programme from Indian Law Institute. 

The institution has a web of tutors, always active on the panel to support and guide the students throughout this certificate course on ipr. Also, an email service would also be provided to keep the interactions and access between the teachers and students inside the professional brackets. At the end, students who will come out successfully will receive a certificate acknowledging the competence of the Online certificate course on Intellectual Property Rights training course.

With rapid technological advancements in society, the necessity of imposition of legal regulations to prevent any illegal act is obvious. Whether it be online banking and other commercial transactions, technology has revamped public convenience and brought general administration and good governance. However, the prime concern turns out to be the abundance of online frauds and other criminal activities; pornography and pishing being the common ones. This poses a challenge to identify the culprit behind the anonymity of the seamless internet and overcoming jurisdictional or conflict of law issues. 

Online Certificate Course on Cyber Law has been crafted by Indian Law Institute, which has been the pioneer in the field of teaching and training of IP laws and cyber laws for the very purpose of equipping people to differentiate between what is genuine and what is not and help them become more vigilant on the internet. 

The Online Certificate Course on Cyber Law training also suits the lawmakers and judicial persons who encounter such cases on a daily basis and need to have a holistic knowledge of legal compliances. The distant learning programme makes it convenient for learners to attend the course in synchronisation with their schedule. Relevant queries regarding anything related to the course will be addressed online.

Businesses today are going digital, so it is crucial to have a specified multichannel strategy to ensure high customer loyalty. The Mastering Digital Marketing MOOC by Emeritus helps you visualise modern marketing from a broader perspective and devise policies that lead to stable growth. London Business School is the creator of this programme.

The Mastering Digital Marketing: SEM, SEO, Social Media and Beyond training course is developed to infuse your mind with the knowledge of the latest techniques and strategies. These concepts are related to digital marketing such as KPIs, pay per click, search engine optimisation, and search engine results page. You will gain in-depth exposure to these critical concepts during the three-month online training.

The Emeritus Mastering Digital Marketing online certification programme will teach you essential topics of digital marketing that are essential for business leaders and marketers in this era. You will be prepared to launch an effective cross-channel strategy for your business. Additionally, you will learn how to implement the latest ideas in modern marketing.

Advanced Management Programme For Women Leaders certification course being offered by IIM Indore along with Hughes Global Education. This course has been built for women professionals to help them develop their leadership skills. This course will train the participants to amplify their influence and develop their leadership skills. Participants will be equipped with the requisite knowledge and tools required to elevate themselves to managerial positions and beyond. Participants will be able to communicate with more power and develop a strong presence with their verbal and non-verbal skills, negotiate favourable outcomes, manage crises, and make better decisions. 

They will learn about different leadership techniques required to adapt to different situations, their blind spots, and patterns that undermine their progress, creating a psychologically safe environment and building trust amongst the team and developing their vision, action plan, and a career strategy for supporting their goals of transition into leadership positions. They will be capable enough to lead organizations efficiently and improve their company’s adaptability to situations as well as their ability to grow and innovate.

The stock market has been around for quite some time and has successfully placed itself as one of the more important domains of the financial world. To the financial industry, the stock market has played a significant role in raising the money for companies as well as for debt markets and it is because of this particular that the sector is always looking out for candidates with the potential to handle these demands.

Stock Market Courses for Professionals is a three-month-long specialisation programme that specifically deals with all of the concepts that candidates would need to master, in order to secure themselves a place in the industry. It teaches the applicants about significant topics like technical and fundamental analysis and trading in the stock market with precision filled details.

It is tailored so that it would benefit both newcomers like students who are interested in the field as well as candidates with a background in the financial market to make progress in the field. Its way of providing both practical and theory lessons will leave no place for doubts in the candidates’ minds.

HR Managers carry huge responsibilities on their shoulders in the twenty-first century. They practice strategic thinking to lead the organization from the front., It is vital for the Human Resources Department to execute well-defined strategies for any business to grow and evolve. This is precisely what Talentedge's Strategic Human Resource Leadership provides insight into. 

The Strategic Human Resource Leadership course teaches candidates to articulate the company's business goals with human resources, whether it is through recruitment, talent management, or engagement. It helps us to understand how to provide support in the overall business strategy. 

Upon completion of the Strategic Human Resource Leadership course curriculum, candidates will be able to converse and understand the business leaders’ language with ease. It provides a broad organizational perspective and lays the foundation for HR managers to provide tangible bottom-line success to their organization. This three-month course has been designed and developed in collaboration with eCornell, Cornell University’s online learning platform. 

Professionals in Technology possess a unique combination of analytical thinking and problem-solving skills. These skills are predominant regardless of whether they work in Software Engineering, IT, or web development. Technology Leadership Certificate Program for Indian Executives course will teach these professionals to combine their talent with formal management training skills, encouraging them to unleash their true potential. 

Technology Leadership Certificate Program for Indian Executives course will allow technology professionals to develop their leadership characteristics and polish their decision-making skills to become true leaders. They will learn how to communicate effectively, manage teams with different caliber professionals, and manage conflict to align the company and individual goals for growth.

The online Technology Leadership Certificate Program for Indian Executives by Talentedge is a three-month certification course, designed by Cornell University’s faculty. It offers experienced educators and various modes of teaching to make the curriculum fun and interactive. Upon completion, learners will receive the Technology Leadership Completion Certificate, along with 60 hours of Professional Development.

The Global Certificate in Digital Marketing online programme offers a three-month advance course that includes capstone projects, practical learning, and assured job and internship assistance. Candidates may choose to opt for the course through the online as well as in-class mode. The Global Certificate in Digital Marketing classes involves hybrid training and focuses on tool-based learning along with portfolio building and evaluation.  

The Global Certificate in Digital Marketing course is assessed and taught by experts and aims at helping you develop expert skills in over 30 modules in this domain. Candidates will learn about execution skills, dealing with clients, and much more, to instil an entrepreneurial spirit in their approach. Additionally, visits to digital marketing agencies will be arranged to enhance the learning experience and start a successful career in digital marketing. 

The Global Certificate in Digital Marketing online course emphasises the importance of agency exposure, podcast marketing, micro-video marketing, event marketing, soft skills to ace an interview, among others.

By taking online Global Certificate in Digital Marketing classes at Talent Shiksha, candidates will master tools such as Facebook Ads, WordPress, Shopify, etc. They can hold job positions as a social media specialist, e-commerce specialist, online entrepreneur, content manager, email marketer, search engine specialist, and more. 

National Law University, New Delhi's Business, and Commercial Laws is a must-learn course for professionals pursuing a career in the legal field. These can be lawyers, chartered accountants, company secretaries, or any other professional in the relevant field. 

The Business and Commercial Laws course will dive into the basics of business and commercial laws. It will also provide thorough knowledge about the relevant procedural and subsequent laws. The course combines theoretical knowledge with practical application by helping professionals hone their skills in litigating commercial courts. 

Not only that, given the pandemic and shift in court law practices, the course will also teach candidates about litigating in e-courts. It is an excellent opportunity for anyone wanting to refresh and continue their education. 

The Business and Commercial Laws programme has an online module-based curriculum, consisting of experienced academics and expert faculty. The course is organized by NLU, New Delhi and CLCG, and will offer a Certificate of completion to all the candidates who complete the course and pass the evaluation. 

WeSchool offers the Jewelry Design and Business Management certification course in collaboration with the International Gemological Institute (IGI). This program is meant to equip learners with world-class jewelry designing skills and the managerial abilities to run a business. It is a unique consolidation of creative and business aptitudes that will help you thrive in the Indian economy.

The Jewelry Design and Business Management training will provide you with a thorough understanding of the jewelry business, and help you explore various options like entrepreneurship, freelancing, mainstream manufacturing, and designing. The program combines technical concepts with real-life business training for students. 

With the Jewelry Design and Business Management program, you will develop the competence needed to run day-to-day retail operations and even create a personal design brand. The three-month-long course includes examinations, assignments, and industry-relevant on-site visits for a practical understanding of the Jewelry business.

The Certificate Program in Project Management syllabus is in line with the 6th edition of the PMBOK. The curriculum meets all the standards set by leading industry bodies and platforms. It offers learners an opportunity to develop project management skills and learn about project management issues in a business context.

The Certificate Program in Project Management training covers topics like project planning, project procurement, and solicitation. Candidates get acquainted with financial control, risk assessment and mitigation, and advanced project management skills. Learners will work on real-world cases and design solutions for complex project management problems. 

The Certificate Program in Project Management online course will help you understand and speak the language of project management. Students will have a chance to connect with a global community of organisations, professionals, and experts. If you have any doubts about the course content, you can ask the 24x7 online expert. Learners can also take the PMP mock simulation exam to assess and evaluate their learning. 

The Happiness Blueprint Masterclass Online Course will not only help you become a high-achieving professional but also a happy individual. You will discover the scientific and spiritual elements of happiness and emotional well-being. With this course, you will learn how to find a solution for every roadblock on your quest for happiness.

The Happiness Blueprint Masterclass Programme focuses on creating ‘Happy Business Leaders’ who will then go on to create happy workplaces and work for the collective good. The evidence-based curriculum and experiential learning will inspire you and help you tap into your deepest self. You will learn how to get rid of negative emotions, unnecessary baggage and experience the power of empathy, compassion, and gratitude.

The Happiness Blueprint Masterclass Certification Course is three-month-long and divided into three levels: Me, We, and Workplace. At the ‘Me’ level, you will learn about factors that affect your happiness on a personal level. At the ‘We’ level, you will learn what you can do to help others be happy. And at the ‘Workplace’ level, you will learn about happiness initiatives at the workplace.

The Banking and Wealth Management Bootcamp certification course includes detailed information on the domain of wealth management and banking with case studies and trading simulations. For understanding, each chapter is followed by multiple quizzes, assignments and tests to help them understand the key principles and concepts. The curriculum is industry-oriented and is also delivered by the industry experts and the faculty of Imarticus. The program is also guided by the “program mentors” and experienced faculty to help students choose a better career path.

In the Certification in Banking and Wealth Management Bootcamp by Imarticus students will be helped to build their job profiles and portfolios. They will also be guided in their placement calls and will be guided in their interview preparations. The certificate that the students will receive after the Banking and Wealth Management Bootcamp course will be accepted and acknowledged globally. Special emphasis will be given on topics related to investment, mobile banking, mutual fund, ratios, retail banking and others.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML), are transforming and re-shaping businesses and job functions worldwide. Most industries are already being disrupted by ML and the automation of business processes. These include Manufacturing, Healthcare, IT, Fintech, and the Service industry. This is why now more than ever, you need courses like the Certificate Program in Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing Using Python by IMT Nagpur.

Take the Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing Using Python certification course to learn the useful tool - NLP. It is a tool for transforming unstructured data, including text, images, and videos, into meaningful information to facilitate decision-making. Application areas of NLP include chatbots, language translation services, and systems for answering questions.

The Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing Using Python online training are three months long with live online classes held every weekend. Learners will receive a schedule for the same in due course. The course curriculum houses real-world case studies and examples for a deeper understanding of the concepts.