explain fingerprinting process in gentics and for Biotechnology.

• DNA fingerprinting, also calledDNA typing,DNA profiling,genetic fingerprinting,genotyping,oridentity testing, ingenetics, method of isolating and identifying variable elements within the base-pair sequence ofDNA(deoxyribonucleic acid). The technique was developed in 1984 by British geneticistAlec Jeffreys, after he noticed that certain sequences of highly variable DNA (known asminisatellites), which do not contribute to the functions of genes, are repeated within genes. Jeffreys recognized that each individual has a unique pattern of minisatellites (the only exceptions being multiple individuals from a single zygote, such as identical twins).

• The procedure for creating a DNA fingerprintconsists of first obtaining a sample of cells, such as skin, hair, or bloodcells, which contain DNA. The DNA is extracted from the cells and purified. In Jeffreyss original approach, which was based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technology, the DNA was then cut at specific points along the strand withproteinsknown as restriction enzymes. The enzymes produced fragments of varying lengths that were sorted by placing them on a gel and then subjecting the gel to anelectric current(electrophoresis): the shorter the fragment, the more quickly it moved toward the positive pole (anode). The sorted double-stranded DNA fragments were then subjected to a blotting technique in which they were split into single strands and transferred to a nylon sheet. The fragments underwent autoradiography in which they were exposed to DNA probespieces ofsyntheticDNA that were made radioactive and that bound to the minisatellites. A piece ofX-rayfilm was then exposed to the fragments, and a dark mark was produced at any point where a radioactive probe had become attached. The resultant pattern of marks could then be analyzed.

DNA fingerprinting is based on the distribution of small repetitive elements called "minisatellites" that are contained in the cellular DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, of an organism. The technique is also known as DNA profiling, DNA typing or genetic fingerprinting. Since each cell of an organism contains the same DNA, the technique can be used to identify individuals. Several techniques are available to visualize the distribution pattern of mini-satellites with applications in genetic research, paternity testing, family genealogy, agriculture and forensic genetics for crime investigation.