Old (previous) concepts -

Complete oxidation of 1 molecule of NADH will produce 3 molecules of ATP.

Complete oxidation of 1 molecule of FADH2 will produce 2 molecules of ATP.

New (recent) concepts -

Complete oxidation of 1 molecule of NADH will produce 2.5 molecules of ATP.

Complete oxidation of

Photosystem I

-Reaction centre is P700

-It is not associated with splitting of water

-It is found in both - grana and stroma lamellae

-It lies on outer surface of thylakoids

-It participates in both cyclic as well as non cyclic flow of electrons

Photosystem II

-Reaction centre is P680

Blood

-reddish coloured fluid

-RBCs (red blood cells) + WBCs (white blood cells) + Platelets + Plasma

-carries more amount of oxygen and digested food

-blood plasma contains proteins (plasma proteins)

-flow of blood in blood vessels is faster

-clots quickly (as fibrinogen content is more)

Lymph

-colourless fluid

-Plasma

Advantages of hydroponics -

1. Commercial production of vegetables (eg - seedless cucumber)

2. Identification of essential elements, their role in structure and function and their deficiency symptoms

3. Avoids problems of weeding

4. Provisions to regulate the pH so as to provide an optimal pH for a particular crop

Accumulation of blood in the veins of legs over a long period of time, as may occur in people with occupation that require standing still for long hours can lead to stretching of veins to a point where venous valves no longer are efficient. Even the leg muscles (especially Soleus)

Origin of heartbeat - SAN (Sino-atrial Node)/Pacemaker

Conduction Pathway -

SAN (Sino-atrial Node)/Pacemaker ---> AVN (Atrio-ventricular Node)/Pacesetter ---> AV bundle (Atro-ventricular bundle) ---> Bundle of His ---> Purkinje Fibres

Remember that although all the heart muscles have the ability to generate impulses that trigger cardiac contractions, the SAN initiates it,

These terms are related to respiration.

Anoxia - total absence of oxygen in inspired gases, arterial blood or tissues

Hypoxia - condition of oxygen shortage in the tissues

Hypercapnia - increase in carbon-dioxide content of blood

Asphyxia - combination of hypoxia and hypercapnia

Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF) has higher affnity towards oxygen as compared to Adult Hemoglobin (HbA) as HbF binds less strongly to BPG (Bis-phosphoglycerate) (BPG reduces oxygen affinity). Hence HbF can carry upto 30 percent more oxygen as compared to HbA. Therefore, oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve for HbF will appear on left side.