Hello Sudesh!

I am trying to explain the answer to your question using points.

1)Primary succession in ecological view is the development of new habitats in barren and lifeless areas that are unaffected and untouched by any pre-existing life forms. On the other hand, secondary succession is the development of habitat that follows after the destruction of an already existing habitat and ecosystem.

2) There is no initial vegetation in the places that experience primary succession. But initial vegetation is always present in places where secondary succession occurs.

3) Primary succession is stimulated by an external agent or a biological factor(for eg, lichens on barren rock are responsible for weathering of those rocks to form fertile soil). In case of secondary succession, only an external factor initiates the process.

4) Soil is absent before the beginning of primary succession but soil is always present before secondary succession.

5) The species which initiate the primary succession process are always from an outside ecosystem. These species are called pioneer species(eg, lichens). The species which initiate secondary succession are from the same ecosystem.

6) Primary succession is a very long process while secondary succession has a shorter duration.

7) Some examples of primary succession include the formation of a new ecosystem after a volcano, glacier outbursts, or a nuclear explosion. Some examples of secondary succession include succession after fire, harvesting, logging, or abandonment of land or the renewal after a disease outbreak.

Hope this answer helps!

Hi Aspirant :

Environment is where the living and non-living that exists .For the living . they are dependent on the environment for food ,shelter , water and other needs. We need a healthy environment to survive , so we should start protecting our own environment .Environment is everything that is around it can be living or non living things that includes physical chemical and other natural forces living things live in their environment .They constantly interact with is and changing response to conditions in their environment. The importance of environment is that it is composed of air, water, forest etc., all of which are interdependent to complete the weather patterns across the globe. All this wildlife enjoys an environment that is largely dependent upon human activity and so is the outcome of climate change. Climate change is due to human choices going against environmental degradation. For example, we hear of oceans water filled with toxic plastics which take more than 500 years to degrade is environmental degradation. Another example being the timely monsoons occurrence is a good environment.

Hope this helped!

The difference is as follows-

• Surface water- It is water found in a river, lake or other surface cavities.Groundwater is water contained in or by a subsurface layer of soil or rock.
• Surface water is usually not very high in mineral content. Groundwater commonly contains less contamination than surface water because the rock tends to act as a filter to remove some contaminants.
• Surface water is called as soft water due to its less mineral content. Due to the minerals picked up while filtering thriugh the rocks, groundwater is typically considered to be hard water.

Some of the factors responsible for water degradation are-

• Dumping
• Sewage water
• Industrial waste
• Oil pollution
• Acid Rain
• Global warming
• Eutrophication.

Hello Aspirant,

Yes, you can study environment studies. Few colleges that offer environment studies are-

• Lady Keane College (LKC), Shillong
• Mayank Shekhar Mahavidyalaya

All the best.

Hello,

Following colleges offer environmental studies in India:

• Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
• Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
• University of Delhi, Delhi
• Jadavpur University, Kolkata
• Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi
• Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
• Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
• Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
• Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi

For more details regarding this, visit our page at https://university.careers360.com/colleges/list-of-environmental-studies-universities-in-india

Hello Aspirant,

In the engineering and social sciences, the term built environment , or built world, refers to the human-made environment that provides the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from buildings to cities and beyond.

Please mention more information in your question to get a refined answer.

I hope it helps.

Hey Puja

Kanchi River which is a tributary of Subarnarekha River (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarnarekha_River) that flows around Ranchi, Jharkhand.  It creates a cascade in Taimara Village in Ranchi district which is known as Dassam Falls . Dassam falls are 44 metre long located on Ranchi plateau which is known for its clear and clear water. It is also popular for its echoing water fall. For further doubts, ask us. All the best

hello aspirant

forests play a vital role in the ecosystem. it is the habitat of a number of organisms. It provides them food and shelter and help them in their survival. It helps in bringing rainfall that maintain ground water level. Soil is one of the most valuable resource in the ecosystem. Its erosion is prevented by the forest, which help the soil to maintain its fertility.Forests also help in maintaining the balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen that support moderate global climate. as we know, forests are vital storehouses of carbon on our planet. However, when forests are cleared to make way for agriculture and other activities, they emit large quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere leading to global warming thus it helps in maintaining the overall global climate condition.

hope this helps

Hi Praveen :

Primary Succession can be defined as the process of growth in an area that was previously uninhabited, barren, unoccupied and there was no initial vegetation. On the other hand,

Secondary Succession can be defined as the growth of the community in such area which was previously occupied, inhabited and that has primary vegetation but got disturbed or damaged due to some external or internal factors.

The example of Primary Succession is the newly formed bare rock, desert, ponds, etc.

The area covered under deforestation, or affected by natural calamities such as flood, earthquake, etc. are the examples of Secondary Succession .

Hope this was helpful!