Correct Answer: Centered around agricultural activities

Solution : Correct Option: Option 4
Explanation: The social structure in rural settlements is often centered around agricultural activities, with social interactions and community life revolving around farming and related tasks.

Correct Answer: Forced migration to urban areas

Solution : A significant impact of high taxation on peasants in the late 18th century was forced migration to urban areas, as many peasants were unable to meet the tax demands and had to leave their rural homes in search of better opportunities.

Correct Answer: Agricultural reforms
 

Solution : The economic reforms taken by government under liberalisation involves-

1. Industrial reforms
2. Financial sector reforms
3. Tax reforms
4. Foreign exchange reforms
5. Trade and Investment policy reforms.

Hence, Option B is correct.

Correct Answer: Pulses and oilseeds

Solution : The correct answer is (c) Pulses and oilseeds, as well as various other agricultural commodities such as cereals, paddy, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, and others.

The MSP is a part of the agricultural price support policy of the Indian government. It is aimed at ensuring remunerative prices to farmers for their produce and providing them with a safety net against any sharp fall in market prices.

The government announces MSPs for various crops based on recommendations from the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). The MSP is determined considering factors such as production costs, market trends, demand and supply dynamics, and the overall goal of supporting farmers' incomes.

Farmers have the option to sell their crops to government agencies at the MSP or to private buyers in the open market. The MSP serves as a benchmark price to protect farmers' interests and stabilize agricultural prices.

While the MSP primarily covers major agricultural commodities like cereals, pulses, and oilseeds, there are separate schemes and policies in place for other agricultural sectors such as fruits and vegetables, dairy products, poultry, and meat products.

Correct Answer: Both assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
  

Solution : The correct answer is (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Diversification of agricultural activities does promote sustainable income generation, and the reason for this is that it reduces dependency on a single crop and provides income throughout the year.

When farmers engage in diversified agricultural activities, such as growing different crops, raising multiple types of livestock, or incorporating non-farm activities, they reduce their reliance on a single crop or product. This diversification spreads the income potential across different sources, reducing the risks associated with market fluctuations, price volatility, and crop failures.

By having a mix of crops or activities, farmers can have income-generating opportunities throughout the year. Different crops have different growing seasons, and by strategically planning their agricultural activities, farmers can ensure a continuous flow of income. For example, while one crop is being harvested, another may be in its growing phase, and another may be in the preparation stage. This sequential arrangement provides a more consistent income stream compared to relying on a single crop with a limited harvest period.

Diversification also helps in managing risks associated with climatic variations, pests, and diseases. If one crop is affected by adverse conditions, farmers with diversified activities may have other crops or livestock that can offset the losses and maintain income stability.

Overall, diversification of agricultural activities promotes sustainable income generation by reducing dependency on a single crop, providing income throughout the year, and mitigating risks associated with market and production uncertainties.

Therefore, the assertion that diversification of agricultural activities promotes sustainable income generation is true, and the reason that it reduces dependency on a single crop and provides income throughout the year is the correct explanation for this assertion.

Correct Answer: Cash crop cultivation  
 

Solution : The Farmers' Movement in India has been particularly active in issues related to cash crop cultivation, such as the demand for fair prices and subsidies for crops like cotton and sugarcane.

Correct Answer: Both assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
  

Solution : The correct answer is (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Diversification of agricultural activities does enhance income stability for farmers, and the reason for this is that it allows farmers to tap into multiple markets and diversify their sources of revenue.

When farmers engage in diversified agricultural activities, such as growing different crops, raising multiple types of livestock, or incorporating non-farm activities like agro-tourism or value-added processing, they are able to distribute their income across different sources. This helps reduce their dependence on a single crop or product, thereby reducing the risks associated with market fluctuations or crop failures.

By diversifying their agricultural activities, farmers can tap into multiple markets, catering to different consumer demands and preferences. This allows them to take advantage of various price cycles and market opportunities. Additionally, diversification can provide a buffer against income variability, as the revenue from one activity may compensate for losses or lower returns in another.

Diversification also helps in managing risks associated with climatic variations, pests, and diseases. For example, if one crop is affected by a disease outbreak, farmers with diversified activities may have other crops or livestock that can offset the losses.

Overall, by diversifying their agricultural activities and tapping into multiple markets, farmers can enhance income stability and reduce their vulnerability to market and production risks.

Therefore, the assertion that diversification of agricultural activities enhances income stability for farmers is true, and the reason that it allows farmers to tap into multiple markets and diversify their sources of revenue is the correct explanation for this assertion.

Correct Answer: Low productivity
 

Solution : The problem of low productivity is being highlighted here which involves lack of knowledge and low productivity.
Hence Option C is correct.

Correct Answer: Overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

Solution : A major environmental concern associated with the Green Revolution in India was the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which led to soil degradation, water pollution, and negative impacts on biodiversity.

Correct Answer: Decreased labor force for agriculture

Solution : Rural-urban migration leads to a decreased labor force for agriculture in rural areas as people move to cities in search of better opportunities.